Idea Initiation In A Young Company

idea Initiation In A Young keep allianceMaking the agate line visualize has been a great hands on envision to learning about sm exclusively business unfoldment. We were not lone(prenominal) required to study theories on how a business is farmd but truly do it ourselves. For me it has been a great learning experience as I had to imbibe a decision to think like an entrepreneur and develop the qualities an entrepreneur has and incorporate the qualities of creativity, drive and a get outingness to take risk.The aim of the downstairs report is to summarize my contribution to this project as rise up as the key areas of idea initiation, police squad excogitate, intro experience, alternative scenarios and learning gained as well as other areas covered in the development of the business formulate.Teamwork all(a) three team members contributed to make this project made and worked unneurotic to create an efficient team.Idea Initiation After several sessions of brainstormin g the class decided on a credit line and technology magazine to a lower place the guidance of Mrs Priti Punatar through the surgical service of identifying opportunity by means of business solving.Presentation draw A learning experience about judgment of conviction perplexity, public presentation and the importance of thoroughly understanding the business meditation an individual urgencys to undertake as well as understanding the date of investors in the entrepreneurial process.Alternative Scenario Consideration of both best and conquer drive scenarios allows BT to prudently predict steady growth rate.Team seduceA vernal risk team is defined as the stem of founders, key employees and advisors that moves a new venture from an idea to a to the full functioning loyal and so with our team it was the matter of bringing together people with diverse abilities and strengths to create a strong unified obligate to achieve the objective of making a booming business pl an. severally individual brought their own individual snip of skills and played a different role in the planning and execution of the business plan. Our team was organize keeping in mind the strengths of its members and tasks were delegated accordingly.Priyanka who is good with numbers did the financial plan as well as the marketing plan, Krupa who has the strongest organizational skills dealt with the organizational complaisant organisation and risk analysis and I was delegated the task of Industry analysis payable to my research skills as well as the operational plan.Initially our team consisted of four members Priyanka, Krupa, myself and Joyce Issowe who later dropped out receivable to medical complications.Working efficiently in a team is a key success promoter for any(prenominal)one who wants to be a successful entrepreneur as he/she will be required to meet with and bring together a venture team to work with. We were very lucky in that, although our team knobbed the coming together of three highly opinionated individuals all were uncoerced to listen and respect the others opinions which allowed us to come up with the best viable solutions in a dignified manner.In my opinion, each individual indoors the team worked efficiently to ensure the success of the team.The executive summary, the business and appendices were finished with hard work from all the three team members equally. All In all, every team member put in the required effort, all meetings were attended in time and all our planned goals were reachedProcess of Idea InitiationIn this most fundamental process our first and rudimentary concern was to come up with a firm that would be entrepreneurial in nature as opposed to being salary braid or lifestyle oriented. The business had to be feasible, mod and we infallible to present both the passion and association required for it.Initially through the process of brainstorming our root had a number of business concepts to go with. J oyce had suggested a dairy farm, Krupa suggested a school for performance arts, Priyanka suggested an engineering consultancy and my own mite was a web based real estate firm.By the process of elimination using our checklist we realized that a dairy farm wasnt innovative enough, we didnt acquire the expertise required for an engineering consultancy and the market wasnt ready until now for a web based real estate venture or a school for performing arts.As the foundation of any successful business lies in recognizing opportunity, we decided to speak with a few people, in our social network, involved in different industries whilst researching the trends in various palm and industries. Finally under the supervision of Mrs. Punatar, we decided to work on a business and technology magazine that would be the first of its kind to be produced in Tanzania.Due to the growth in the economy and changing social factors such as more graduates entering the labour market and increase diversity the need for information had arisen and there was a lack of a locally produced business magazine. We realized the window of opportunity was wide yield and circumstances were just right.Therefore our business concept came about A business and technology magazine for Tanzanians, by Tanzanians. with this process I learnt that opportunity needs to be defined, timely, attractive and of value to the end user. I learnt also to identify opportunity through observing trends, finding a gap in the marketplace and solving a problem. Apart from this I saw how economic and social factors account for the creation of opportunities and how different characteristics such as prior experience, creativity and social networks help entrepreneurs and finally I learnt to keep the 5 steps of generating creative ideas as well as the different techniques involved such as brainstorming and surveys.Presentation ExperienceImportant factors considered by investors in their decision making process hold find out that the company has focus, specific solutions for the needs of the market, that customers are willing to bribe the product and that the dynamics of the company are strong. They need to bop that the company is run by smart people who can control expenses and make a profit.If expected to invest, they in turn need to trust the management team running the business in terms of their experience, maturity, reputation as well as a track record of success and own(prenominal) interaction and so is a must. Also investors cannot be expected to have the time to sit down and go through lengthy text files, they want to get instant answers for any concerns or queries.The process of crafting the slides to be presented, and ensuring the presentation would cover all essential areas whilst summarizing the entire business concept, was a intriguing one that taught me about time management, extraction of essential information from forthcoming data and the involvement of visuals to convey essentia l points.All three members of the group presented the plan in parts with me introducing the business, the problem we aimed to solve and our business model. Krupa wherefore took over and covered management team, industry analysis and competition leaving Priyanka to finish the financial overview including share offering, payback, profitability, dissipate level(p) analysis and sure status and projected use of funds ending with exit dodging for investors.Crucial less(prenominal)ons were learnt during this presentation about capturing and retaining the interest and attention of our authorization investors, maintaining the set time limit as well as the importance of authorization and a deep understanding of the business venture.Alternative ScenarioThe success of any business is dependent on outer as well as internal conditions. Internal factors are easier to control and predict relative to the external factors. With regards to external conditions, there is always some degree of u ncertainty. In order of magnitude to be prudent all figures taken within the business plan have speculateed a pessimistic view of the bruise case scenario.In order to achieve this and to reflect alternative scenarios that may arise due to unpredictable factors the revenue included in the business plan is less than that actually expected by investors. Due to the unpredictability of Macro-environmental factors the number of subscriptions has been unploughed at minimum and the advertising revenue included is less than what the firm will cigarette to achieve.Another relevant point concerns the break even analysis. To keep alternative scenarios in mind, both best and worst case of total revenue have been considered whilst the figure taken for cost has been kept at maximum in line with the accounting principle of prudence. This allows investors to be comfortable to know that the minimum success will be as presented in the business plan with an additional potential for greater growt h.Business partnerships have also been taken into account in order reflect alternate means to achieve a target. This can be seen as in the outsourcing of printing to keep cost low as well as the establishment of a network of free lance contributors.Figures for costs and budget in the analysis of the financial statements have also been calculated after the consideration of the alternative growth scenarios and B%T therefore is expected to have steady growth as a worst case scenario where the best case reflects a quicker point of break even and higher profitability.Learning and Usefulness of the Business PlanThe experience of coming up with a business plan opened up my eyes on the many panoramas that are necessary to be considered whilst starting time up a business. Extensive research is required together with knowledge of the industry. I have realized that an entrepreneur must have a clear vision on how exactly his company will work and perform.Before making a business plan myself I had no idea of how important it is. This document includes all research and analysis presentation feasibility of a new venture and how all the different resources needed may be brought together synergetically.In developing a business plan it becomes necessary to look at every single aspect of the business and it therefore provides a clear picture of whether a new venture is likely to succeed or fail.The business plan analyses the potential of turning an idea into a source of revenue and in so doing answers the question of viability, industry attractiveness and growth, size and buying power of target market, attractiveness and uniqueness of the business model, availability of skilled labour, completion, ROI, legality and hypercritical risks. It can be stated therefore that it is a critical document providing answers to investors for them to make an informed decision on whether or not to turn a particular idea into a business venture.This process has taught me a lot. I learnt to a pply Porters 5 forces model in considering substitutes, new entrants, existing rivalry, bargaining power of buyers and suppliers as this was necessary in order to situate the attractiveness and profitability of the industry and position our firm where we could make maximum profit.In carrying out competitor analysis I understood the event of competitors BT would face and was therefore able to develop strategies to allow the firm to contest successfully for example, establishment of BTs brand before the emergence of future competitors.Through the next step of developing a business model we had to apply what we learnt in class to create an effective model for BT as was the case with applying knowledge on financial analysis and the value of pro forma statements, forecasts and budgets to determining success of the new venture.I also learnt how to develop a successful marketing mix through looking at the issue of totality product versus actual product.All in all this process has show n me that a business plan is the most important tool needed in the entrepreneurial process as is incorporates within it everything any stakeholder would need to know about the viability of the idea and its conversion to a business venture.

Calculation of Payback Period for Investor Return

Calculation of Payback Period for Investor regressexecutive unitingmaryThe report exclusively deals with the Accounting and Financial Management. The report has been divided up into two broad types. The first part deals with the calculations regarding the payback period, honest news report return and break-even analysis. This part of the report likewise explains the various aspects of the kindred. The next one-half of the report is found on the calculations related with the Horizontal and vertical analysis. Further, it also explains the different patterns and trends present in the Income record and Balance Sheet based on the calculations done.IntroductionThe primary objective of accounting in whatever business is to help that business make the maximum profit subsequently tax. Unless accounting makes its unspoiled contribution to that objective, its cost cannot be justified. In directlys industry, one of the ways accounting pays for itself is to help management to mince ope rations. Another way is to help management utilize its working ceiling to the greatest possible advantage.E truly business has important financial concerns and its achievement or failure depends in a large part on the quality of its financial decisions. Effective financial decision making requires an taste of the goal(s) of the faithful. The widely accepted objective of the firm is to maximize the value of firm for its owners, i.e. to maximize shareholders wealth (MAYER, R. et al, 2005).Hence, the accounting and financial management has become an implicit in(p) part of business in the twenty-first century. The concept of payback period, average accounting return, breakeven analysis, trend analysis and vertical analysis are very important for any business, big or small.Discussion2.1 Problem 1A alliance is considering a capital interpret costing 400,000. The sales forecasts, together with the forecast expenditure are shown belowTable 1 sales and Expenditure Forecast yea rSales ()Cost of Sales ()Other unsettled be () pertinacious be except depreciation ()Depreciation ()1200,00060,00020,00030,000100,0002300,00090,00030,00030,000100,0003400,000120,00040,00030,000100,0004300,00090,00030,00030,000100,0001,200,000360,000120,000120,000400,000The above occupation can be formulated in the form of Income Statement as belowTable 2 Income Statement of the Company classs1234Sales200,000300,000400,000300,000Cost of Sales(60,000)(90,000)(120,000)(90,000) vulgar Profit140,000210,000280,000210,000 variable Cost(20,000)(30,000)(40,000)(30,000)Earnings before Fixed Charges120,000180,000240,000180,000Fixed Cost(30,000)(30,000)(30,000)(30,000)Earnings before tax and depreciation90,000150,000210,000150,000Depreciation(100,000)(100,000)(100,000)(100,000) bring in Income-10,00050,000110,00050,0002.1.1 Calculation of Payback period for the ProjectThe payback period for the project is the length of time to get your money back (FABOZZI and PETERSON, 2003). In this probl em, the fellowship has invested 400,000.The carry over below shows the expected cash flows in the four daysTable 3 Expected Cash Flows of the CompanyEnd of YearExpected Cash FlowsAccumulated Cash Flows190,00090,0002150,000240,0003210,000450,0004150,000600,000From the table above, it is clear that at the end of Year 2, the full 400,000 will not be paid back. We need to have whatsoever amount from Year 3 as well. The amount needed from Year 4 will be 400,000 240,000 = 160,000.Hence, the payback period is metric asPayback Period2 long time + 160,000/210,000= 2.762 years= 2 years and 9 months (Approx.)Thus, the Payback period for the connection is 2 years and 9 months.Calculation of the Average Accounting ReturnThe Average Accounting Return (AAR) measures the return on an enthronement, subsequently taxes and depreciation, over a specified period. Mathematically, the ratio is equivalent to the expected average earnings less taxes and depreciation, divided by the average adjudg e value over the duration of the investment.According to table 2 above, we need to find the values ofAverage project earning afterward tax and depreciationAverage wampum Income = Sum of all Net Incomes / No. Of Years= (-10,000 + 50,000 + 110,000 + 50,000) / 5= 50,000Average book value of the investment during its life timeThe depreciation for each year is 100,000. Thus, the yearly book value of investment is given byTable 4 restrain ValuesYearBook Value1400,0002300,0003200,0004100,00050Average book value = Sum of all book values / No. Of years= 400,000 + 300,000 + 200,000 + 100,000 + 0 / 5= 200,000Average Accounting Return (AAR) = 50,000 / 200,000= 0.25Therefore, the Average Accounting Return for the invested 400,000 after taxes and depreciation is 25 %.Break-Even Analysis for the ProjectOne of the most viridity tools used in evaluating the economic feasibility of a new endeavor or product is the break-even analysis. The break-even stopover is the point at which revenue is precisely correspond to costs (HOLLAND, 1998). At this point, no profit is do and no outletes are incurred. The break-even point can be expressed in terms of unit sales or pound sales.That is, the break-even units indicate the train of sales that are required to cover costs. Sales above that lean resolving in profit and sales below that number result in a loss. The break-even sales indicate the pound of gross sales required to break-even. So, a break-even cannot be calculated only once. It should be calculated on a regular basis to reflect changes in costs and prices and in order to maintain profitability or make adjustments in the product line. 1Break-even (Sales) = Total Fixed Cost / (1- Total Variable Cost / Sales)For Year 1,BEP (Sales) = 130,000 / (1- 80,000 / 200,000)= 216,666.67For the Year 2, 3 and 4 also same BEP (Sales) value came due to proportionate change in total rigid cost, total variable cost and sales.This figure is the level of sales that the accompany mu st reach in order to break even. Again, if the company is orbit more than this, then it should be making a profit and if it is not, the company will not be selling enough to cover the fixed expenses.Thus, no profits are made from the sale of product until more than 216,666.67 in gross sales is generated.____________________Source 1, HODGETTS KURATKO,1986.As sales increases, variable costs are incurred, meaning that total costs (fixed + variable) also increase. At low levels of output, costs are greater than income. At the point of crossover (total sales and total cost intersection), costs are exactly equal to income, and hence neither profit nor loss made. This point of intersection is called the Break-even point which is found to be 216,666.67.In the first year, the total sale made by the company is 200,000. But BEP (Sales) is found to be 216,666.67. That means, the company is however short of 16,666.67 in order to make neither profit nor loss i.e. BEP.In the second year, the total sale made by the company is 300,000. Compared to the BEP (Sales) which is 216,666.67 the company is now making profit. And it continues to do that for year 3 and 4 as well.Thus, break-even analysis helps a company to maintain profitability when costs and prices changes.2.2 Problem 2The Horizontal and vertical analyses on financial statements of the geneva Palace Hotel are as followsTable 5 Income Statement (Horizontal Analysis)Income StatementGeneva Palace HotelFor the Years Ending 31 December 2005, 2006 and 20082005% ( 2005-2006)2006% (2006-2007)2007 pabulum Sales Revenue 1,700,5005.26 1,790,0004.00 1,861,600Cost of Goods Sold471,1286.38501,2008.00541,296Gross Profit1,229,3724.831,288,8002.441,320,304 operate ExpensesSalaries and Wages541,65412.36608,6009.00663,374Employee Benefits63,00813.6471,60011.0079,476Laundry Expenses17,0055.2617,9003.5018,527Supplies Expenses52,0893.0953,7003.5055,580Advertising16,8266.3817,9006.0018,974Utilities36,8603.0938,0001.5038,570Mainten ance16,91012.3619,00010.0020,900Other Expenses38,8003.0940,0001.5040,600Total in operation(p) Expenses783,15210.67866,7008.00936,001Income Before Fixed Charges446,220-5.41422,100-8.95384,303Fixed ChargesRent19,4003.0920,0004.0020,800Property Taxes9,4006.3810,0005.0010,500Insurance4,25017.655,00020.006,000 by-line76,0005.2680,0004.0083,200Depreciation19,2004.1720,0004.0020,800Total Fixed Charges128,2505.26135,0004.67141,300Inc

The Concept Of Market Segmentation Marketing Essay

The Concept Of grocery store section merchandiseing EssayMarket section is the division of a grocery into polar groups of nodes with evidently comparable needs and harvesting/service requirements. Or to put it another way, merchandise divider is the division of a mass food grocery into identifiable and distinct groups or members, each of which feel common characteristics and needs and display similar responses to grocerying actions.Market breakdown was first defined as a condition of growth when core grocerys take for already been developed on a generalised basis to the point where additional promotional expenditures ar yielding diminishing returns (Smith, 1956). There is now widespread agreement that they earn an important foundation for made marketing strategies and activities (Wind, 1978 Hooley and Saunders, 1993).The purpose of market segmentation is to leverage scarce resources in other words, to ensure that the elements of the marketing mix, price, dis tribution, outputs and promotion, ar jut outed to advert particular needs of different customer groups. Since companies have finite resources it is not possible to produce each possible harvests for all the mint, all of the time. The best that can be sustained for is to provide selected flipings for selected groups of people, approximately of the time. This act allows organizations to way on specific customers needs, in the most efficient and hard-hitting way. As Beane and Ennis (1987) eloquently commented,a guild with limited resources needs to fleece only the best opportunities to pursue.The concept of market segmentation was first proposed as an alternative market development technique in imperfectly belligerent markets, that is, in markets where there atomic number 18 relatively few competitors selling an a care product. Where there are lots of competitors selling identical products, market segmentation and product differentiation produce similar moderates as competitors imitate your strategicalal arise much(prenominal) quickly and product differentiation approaches meet market segment needs more(prenominal) closely.With an increasing proliferation of tastes in modern society, consumers have increased disposable incomes. As a result, marketers have sought to design product and service offerings around consumer demand (market segmentation) more than around their avow production needs (product differentiation) and they use market research to in configuration this impactObjective Of Study1. To understand market segmentation and consider why it is use.2. To examine how companies segment markets.3. To explore different targeting strategies.4. To learn about the region and treat of positioning in segmentation strategies.5. To consider how marketers can chance on the most from market segmentation.The Process of Market SegmentationThe intricacies involved in market segmentation are said to make it an exacting activity. Griffith and p olitico (1994) argue this point on the basis of multiple product applications, great customer variability, and problems associated with the identification of the key differences betwixt groups of customers. However, there have been m all attempts to define and describe business segmentation, using a variety of variables and ranging from the badly product-based to customer needs-based orientation.There are two main approaches to segmenting markets. The first adopts the tantrum that the market is considered to consist of customers which are essentially the same, so the lying-in is to report groups which share particular differences. This is referred to as the breakdown order. The second approach considers a market to consist of customers that are all different, so here the task is to feel similarities. This is known as the build-up method. The breakdown approach is perhaps the most established and well recognized and is the main method used for segmenting consumer markets. Th e build-up approach seeks to move from the person level where all customers are different, to a more general level of analysis based on the identification of similarities (Freytag and Clarke, 2001).The build-up method is customer oriented as it seeks to determine common customer needs. The aim of both methods is to identify segments in the market where identifiable differences exist between segments (segment heterogeneity) and similarities exist between members at bottom each segment (member homogeneity).Market segmentation and positioning are key determinants of successful marketing. They are fundamental to the twin(a) process which is the raison dtre of marketers. It is marketers who are responsible for ensuring that the offer made by the company in the marketplace satisfies the wants and needs of the target market of customers and consumers. Segmentation and positioning analyses enable the marketer to make informed choices about what to offer, to whom, and in what way.Customer and consumer are often used interchangeably. The term consumer generally actor the final consumer, who is not necessarily the customer. For example, a recruit buying luncheon box snacks is probably acting as an agent on behalf of school-age children. The parent can accordingly be described as the intermediate customer and the child as the end nsumer. To market such snacks effectively, the marketer must(prenominal) differentiate the wants and needs of each party influencing the secure process. He or she must also be clear about which actors in the process are to be the subject of any segmentation exercise.The term market must be defined unequivocally. For example, Mark Warner and Saga are both spend companies but they are not in the same market. The former offers holi eld for families, five-year-old couples and groups in Alpine and sunshine resorts, while Saga caters for the more mature traveller who may be looking for holidays involving leisure pursuits such as sightseeing, connect or walking.We need a definition so that we can barroom market share and market growthSpecify target customers acknowledge relevant competitorsFormulate marketing objectives and strategies.As a rule of thumb, a market should be defined in terms of a consumer need, and in a way that covers the aggregation of all the alternative products and services which consumers weigh as creation capable of unanimous that need. For example, a pock of inst coffee not only competes with other taints in the same product family line, but also with alternative hot drinks such as tea and chocolate. Consumers may even see cold drinks such as colas and body of water as substitutes for it.Needs-based definitions evolve over time as trends emerge in the marketplace, and companies must be prepared to revise their definitions accordingly. Nevertheless, they need to devise a definition that is manageable. At the extreme end of the vagabond, micromarketing is about marketing to the case-by-c ase as a segment of one. However, companies must be able to meet the needs of individual segments in a way that is mercantilely viable. They therefore con centrate their efforts on groups of many customers who share approximately the same needs.Market segmentation allows companies to gain advantage over their competitors in the marketplace by enabling them to concentrate resources on clearly identified opportunities. It is based on the assumption that birds of a feather flock together.In many cases, the segments form separate markets in their own right, and they can often be of capacious size. There are number of criteria that make a market segment of commercial interest, including the following The segments should be large enough to provide an suitable return on investment.The requirements of segment members should be in truth similar, but the members should be distinct from the rest of the market.Segments must be reachable, that is, the enthralls, or routes to market (where pe ople buy), must be accessible.Methods of Market Segmentation1) Geographical segmentation-Chronologically, this kind of segmentation appeared first . For planning and administrative purposes ,the marketer will often find it convenient to subdivide the market into areas such as nations, states, regions, cities ,etc. In domineering way .The great advantage of adopting this scheme is that standards regions are widely used government and its facilitates collection of statistics .Most of the national manufactures split up their gross sales areas into sales territories either state wise or district wise .2) demographic segmentation-Under this method ,the consumers are grouped into homogenous groups in terms of demographic similarities such as age, sex, education standard ,income level, etc .This is considered to be more purposive since the emphasis ultimately rest on the customers . mature group are considered by manufactures of certain special products , for example ,toys. Even in the purchase made by parents ,children exert a profound influence .The market segmented on the basis of the age groups is as follows children ,teen agers ,adults and grown up .Anti Aging productsAnti-aging products were originally designed for the baby-boomer generation, however in the upstart report, the analysts (global augmentative industry, 2008) revealed that theFuture growth will be fuelled by the enlargement of the consumer base into younger age Groups aged 25 to 30 which come along to be increasingly interested in applying anti-aging Products, particularly topical discase treatments. This shift is leading to an increase of Spending on anti-aging products which and is likely to result in improved market Opportunities for producers seeking continuous blowup of their operations.The developing potential of the anti-aging sputtercare segment along with its menacing Competition spurs cosmetic market players to design and fling new products in order to persist in the game. Un ilever, the worlds eighth biggest cosmetics manufacturer (cosmetic design, 2008) regularly updates their scratch care product line. The company Launched ponds age miracle anti-aging scramblecare cream specifically for the Asian market In the late 2006 early 2007 in an attempt to capitalize on the markets abundant potential. And to tactically respond to the life-long rival pgs earlier launch of Olay total effect,globally in 1998 (Olay, 2008) and Vietnam 2005, a multifunctional anti-aging products. In Vietnam, ponds age miracle was launched in January 2007. Designed and manufacture using a breakthrough cla (conjugated linoleum acid) technology, ponds Age miracle was claimed to be a new solution for the aging skin capable of visibly trim wrinkles in seven days. Its launch by unilever Vietnam was marked as strategic and must-win stressing its significance for the manufacturer. Initially, ponds age Miracle received a friendly welcome and changeful up to capture a substantial share of Vietnam anti-aging skincare market.identify ATTRIBUTES OF ANTI-AGING SKINCAREEight interviews returned us a total of thirty product attributes that the respondents consider when selecting an anti-aging skincare. There were found no significant differences between the interviewees responses as almost all of them shared the same view of anti-aging products regardless of being Olay, Ponds Age Miracle, third-party users or potential ones. The two attributes classes beneficial and witness earlier than characteristic, drew most interest of the interviewees. Another important aspect of the interviewees responses is an vista of roughlything more than just wrinkle reduction, the main function of anti-aging skincare some even respondents didnt even mention this attribute at all.Olay come in government issueOlay is a PG skincare shuffle line which offers a range of products with different functions in two main categories cleanser and cream with the aim of clash the full range of skincare needs, whatever the users age or skin type.In March 2005, PG entered Indias anti-aging skincare market with their Olay heart and soul effectuate brand line auxiliary in the footsteps of its launch in Indian market. The India launch was a first mover dodging to tap into the premium skincare segment before the arrival of the major competitors. Olay Total Effect successful market entry also allowed PG to make inroads into other skincare categories like color, moisturizing and cleansing in 2006 and 2007.The product is claimed to offer multi-effects including reducing fine lines and wrinkles, smoothening skin texture visibly and to the touch, evening skin tone for younger looking, more balanced color, improving surface dullness, endowment skin a radiant, intelligent glow, minimizing pores, visibly reducing the appearance of blotches and age drifter and smoothening dry skin.Olay Total effect is sold at the price of 190,000 VND (equivalent of 7.6 EUR) and in one suits all size of 50g both through modern channels like supermarkets, shop centers and traditional channels like street shops and wet-markets.Olay is tapping the premium slice of the Rs 2100 crore Indian skin care market. Olay has launched its first product in the anti-ageing segment with its Total Effects sub brand. Anti-ageing segment is still a niche with a market size of Rs 60 crore. The segment is but growing very fast.Olay has launched its Total Effects anti ageing solution after much consumer research. It had conducted research on over 6000 ladies of age between 30-69 years from terzetto continents and identified 7 signs of ageing.1. Fine ines and Wrinkles2.Sagging skin3.Uneven skin tones.4. Age spots5. Appearance of pores6. Dull skin7.DrynessTotal Effects is differentiating itself through the bearing of the ingredient Vita Niacin. Vita Niacin is a patented formulation that contains Niacin amide Vitamin B3 ,Vitamin E and Provitamin B5 Pathenol +sunscreen protection.Olay true to th e concept of Global Brand and Local strategy has launched itself with a series of promotional motilitys. The brand has the bollywood diva Sushmita Sen as the brand ambassador. Currently Olay is running two campaigns in the visual media. One campaign is th Olay brand building campaign featuring Sushmita Sen and another is for the Total Effects moisturizing lotion.Watch the Tvc Total EffectsFor the Total Effects range, the company uses a testimonial type of campaign featuring a Model/TV Anchor. The focus is more on the functional benefits of the product rather than harping on any emotional benefits. The brand is positioned as a brand that celebrates beauty within and outside. The brand worldwide uses the tagline Love the skin you are in . The brand believes that Looking Good and Feeling Good are inseparable. Loving the skin we are in is the most beautiful feeling of all.Olay Total Effects is priced at Rs 599 for a 50 gm bottle. By Indian standards, this accounts for a premium categ ory. Olay Total Effects is targeting ladies between the age 30 60. as well as this anti-ageing product, Olay has introduced cleansers, face pack and moisturizing lotions. The brand is expected to introduce its blockbuster range of products in India in a phased manner.The premium skincare segment was in a vacuum ever since HUL decided to cater to the masstige segment by repositioning Lakme and Ponds. Now with PG and ITC seriously looking at premium segment, the market is going to witness a marketing war in days to comePonds Age MiraclePonds is Unilevers skincare brand line. Introduced to Indian market in 1996, Ponds quickly became a leader in mass skincare, the main market segment in India at the time. Ponds product range focuses on whitening segment including moisturizers and facial foams. As a part of their counter-offensive to an ongoing expansion of Olay Total Effect, in January 2007 Unilever launched Ponds Age Miracle, an upper tier anti-aging skincare extension of the existin g Ponds range also supposed to reinforce Ponds overall image in the mass market.Its launch campaign was based on a vox pop format It had people from various walks of life giving their feedback on the products. This was followed by Romance Revival, a heartwarming television commercial of a husband-turned-chef trying to bring romance back into his married life. These campaigns proceed to be aired for the first six months of the brands launch.An endorsement campaign on television wherein celebrities such as Mehr Jesia Rampal, former Miss India and model, and Rina Dhaka, fashion designer, mouth about how Ponds Age Miracle has changed their lives, is also seen off and on. Currently, a television campaign, mirth amongst Millions, is being screened. With players like LOreal and Olay, in addition to Ponds, the anti-aging market in India stands at Rs 60 crore today, according to Nielsen figures for 2007, and it is growing at a rate of 30-40 per cent per annum,Ponds Age Miracle line includ es cream, serum, facial foam, lotion and eye cream toner in which the cream is a flagship product that secures 80% of sales of the whole range. It is claimed to offer solution to wrinkles and dark spots effective in 7 days.Ponds Age Miracle cream is offered into two pack sizes 50g priced at 190,000 VND (7.6EUR), and 30g priced at 129,000 VND (5 EUR). As a part of the strategy to fight against Olay Total Effect, Unilever ensured equally extensive distribution network for Ponds Age Miracle and its availability to end-consumers through every possible channel (Unilever,2008). The successful launch in early 2007 allowed Ponds Age Miracle to gain a substantial share of nearly 50 % in the anti-aging skincare category a few months later. However, soon after the product experienced a sharp decline of its sales and market share. The bottom line the product profitability was also breached, resulting in Unilever Vietnam considering the decision of withdrawing Ponds Age Miracle from the market s.ConclusionThe primal principle of market segmentation is that the product and services needs of individual customers differ. Market segmentation involves the grouping of customers together with the aim of better touching their needs whilst maintaining economies of scale. It consists of three stages and if properly executed should deliver more satisfy customers, few direct confrontations with competitors, and better designed marketing programmers.

Sociological Perspectives On Education Education Essay

Sociological Perspectives On in pretendation gentility EssayEducation is the key out to achieving sustainability. Sustainable education or Education for Sustainable increase encompasses three main aras the environment, society and the economy (Pace, 2010). ESD is meant to inculcate ideals and values al close to key sustainable issues such as poverty reduction, environmental protection, man rights, health, gender equality, sustainable livelihoods and so on. The basic image of ESD entails helping bulk to develop the right attitude and knowledge to facilitate decision-making and create a better future(a) for themselves and others (UNESCO, 2011).For the last(a) decade, in that respect has been increasing pressure on educators to incorporate concepts and values of Sustainable Development in the curriculum. Consequently, it has cash in ones chips all-important(a) for educators to be knowledgeable and fully committed to making SD an integral touch off of all curricular acti vities (Lozano-Garcia al., 2008).Formal educational schemas, at the essential, supplemental and tertiary levels, have considerable neighborly and stinting roles vis--vis the society. However, the issue of underground four-in-handing has non been subject to ofttimes attention until recently. secret tutoring has been frame to carry try out social and sparing implications. Recent classs have brought about changes in the forms and furbish ups of tutoring. to a greater extent thanover, toffee-nosed tutoring has been given ample consideration and is non merely viewed as an informal activity (Bray, 2009). snobby tutoring helps the student to acquire knowledge and afterwardward use his know-how to contri b argonlye to economic teaching. On a social front, it results for interactions surrounded by peers. It is likewise a means of generating incomes for tutors. More basically, confidential tutoring enables students to better taste lessons which they did non under stand antecedently. Nevertheless, privy tutoring excessively has some negative implications. For instance, it emphasizes social and economic inequalities and keep likewise limit tykerens leisure time which fire have undesirable effects on the latters social and psychological well-organism, and gum olibanum affect the overall academic slaying (Bray, 2009).Tutoring muckle be troublesome to measure because it varies crosswise cultures. Tuitions nates be given individually, to a satisfying class or even via the internet. Moreover, some students may receive tutoring in all subjects, maculation others receive it in only if specific ones. gibe to Silova, hush-hush tutoring has become a major enterprise since the 1990s (Bray, 2009). In this regard, snobby tutoring can become a tool to inculcating a sustainable lifestyle to present and future students.Sustainable Development entails changing peoples demeanor to command that they adopt a sustainable path for the future. Sus tainability is about securing resources and retaining future publication ins. Education thus plays an important role in providing lifelong opportunities and in enhancing the quality of the learning process. Education can bring about changes in norms, values and posts which can significantly influence peoples demeanour (Wong, 2003).Private tutoring can thus create an ameliorated learning environment for twain students and tutors. It can remove the traditional boundaries to create a sustainable way of doing things (Lipscombe et al., 2008). However, this would control genuine effort and commitment from the part of policy planners and educators, in creating a new paradigm which values the need to attain and maintain social, economic and ecological well-being (Sterling, 2008).1.2 Problem StatementPrivate tutoring is in itself not a bad alternative. In fact, some(prenominal) students do actually benefit from it. However, out of the 40% of students who fail the CPE exams annually, the issue of underground tutoring has yet again resurfaced (Le Mauricien, 2011).According to Kadress Pillay, former minister of education, Right now, closed-door breeding is a jungle (Prayag, 2011). Others go to the lengths of saying that secluded development is a ailment in the Mauritian culture. This statement probably stems from the fact that cliquish nurture is a must, irrespective of the level of education.To start with, p arents ensure that children have the outdo hugger-mugger guardianship teacher at the beginning of the shallow year (Varma, 2005). This issue may or may not have been previously discussed with the child. plot of land there are teachers who can manage to have a class of 40 in their garages for under skip tuitions, some teachers have a limit of 4 to 15 at a time. Some teachers are in truth committed to their profession and wont charge a cent, except nowadays secret tutoring is mostly business (Chady, 2011).But much importantly, we should cite ourselves with students actually acquiring some sort of lifelong knowledge done these private tuition sessions instead of learning restricted to passing exams only. In addition, students have been lay down to be excellent throughout their academic career, but unable to cope with other spheres of real life, for instance lean, socializing, etc.The concept Maurice Ile Durable was introduced in 2008 by Dr. Navin Ramgoolam as a means to ensure Sustainable Development of the country. This new concept will be the key driver to transforming the country into an intelligent nation state (Maurice Ile Durable, 2011).Education for sustainability can sensitize Mauritians principally through shoals. This would however require a revue of the current education schema in harm of the curriculum and opportunities for the development of the child. The successful integration of this concept would also largely depend on the collaboration of the government activity and educational institutions in promoting extra-curricular activities like music, sports and arts. Moreover, learning should be geared towards creating awareness of economic, social, political and ecological issues, rather than the focus being solely on academic subjects.1.3 Aims and ObjectivesAimsThe aim of this look at is to evaluate whether private tutoring contributes to Education for Sustainable Development in Mauritius.ObjectivesThe objectives of the study are listed d own the stairsTo produce a comprehensive Literature ReviewTo assess how private tutoring is carried out in MauritiusTo determine the impacts of private tutoring on studentsTo evaluate students views and expectations of private tutoringTo determine whether private tutoring actually contributes to sustainable educationTo evaluate how private tutoring can be improved in this regard1.4 Research questionsDoes private tutoring actually benefit the student?What is being done to inculcate a sustainable lifestyle at naturalize?What are students vie ws on ESD? atomic number 18 students prepared for a sustainable future?Does the current education system promote ESD?1.5 Dissertation FlowChapter 2 Literature ReviewChapter 2 basically gives an overview of the recital of private tutoring across countries and its particular contribution to Education for Sustainable Development. Moreover, a thorough explanation will be furnishd on the concept of Sustainable Development and the importance attributed to education in achieving sustainability. in the long run emphasis will be laid on the Mauritian context, much specifically on the introduction of the concept Maurice Ile Durable.Chapter 3 Research methodologyThis chapter out pull ins the methods used to conduct the research and the variables that have been taken into account while designing the questionnaire. It also elaborates on the sampling method, data collection technique and the obstacles encountered while conducting the research.Chapter 4 Data AnalysisThe data gathered from the follow has been analyzed and presented in a to a greater extent practical form in this chapter. This will help to happen a clear picture of whether private tutoring actually contributes to Education for Sustainable Development.Chapter 5 Results DiscussionThis chapter is an extensive watchword of the results obtained through the questionnaire critique in terms of the theory and observations made throughout the research.Chapter 6 Conclusion and RecommendationsThis chapter summarizes the findings and results of the study. It also recommends some measures that can be undertaken to improve the current situation.2.0 Literature Review2.1 Sociological perspectives on EducationIn a more general spirit, education is one aspect of the assimilation process. It involves learning and acquiring a set of skills. Education also, directly or indirectly, helps to shape a persons belief and moral values (Haralambos and Holborn, 2007).Education was nasty to define in non-literate societies. However, the young would learn and imitate adult behavior by joining social groups. Such behaviors for instance, entailed boys accompanying their fathers to hunt and girls assisting their mothers for the cooking. educational institutions slowly developed in pre-industrialized countries with the specialization of the role of the teacher. It was only after industrialization that formal education was provided to the large mass (Haralambos and Holborn, 2007).Sociologists and educators have disparate views on the functions of education. Two main theories debate on these functions The functionalist theory and the encroach theory.Functionalist perspectivesAccording to Durkheim (1961), the main function of education is to transmit societal norms and values. He argues that the nurture serves a function that the family or peers cannot provide. The inculcate is a culture medium where skills and knowledge can be contextually provided. Moreover, the child interacts with others while pers istent by some fixed set of rules. This eventually prepares the latter for interactions in society based on societal rules (Haralambos and Holborn, 2007).According to Talcott Parsons (1961), the initiate acts as a bridge between the family and society, thus preparing the child for his future role. The school day treats the child in terms of universalistic standards, which are applied to all. It also prepares the child for the transition to adulthood and each pupil should achieve his own status. Status is achieved based on merit, whereby achievement is usually measured by operation in examinations. Parsons truism the educational system as a means to select individuals for their future roles. Thus schools enable pupils to match their talents and skills to the jobs for which they are best suited (Haralambos and Holborn, 2007).Conflict perspectivesFrom a conflict perspective, education serves the interests of the right at the expense of the less powerful. According to Bowles and Gi ntis (1976), education benefits the capitalists by providing them with a more productive workforce. They believe that education shapes the future workforce by creating more docile and passive workers. Moreover, school is used as a tool of control whereby teachers can monitor students by giving orders (Haralambos and Holborn, 2007).More importantly, teachers impose their knowledge, thus students get little satisfaction from studying. This is not surprise that many children do not enjoy schooling, but instead adjudicate satisfaction from external rewards, that is results at the end of their studies. Like in the worldly concern of work, according to Bowles and Gintis, the worker enjoys no fulfillment, but instead toils based on the capitalists desire for maximum profit (Haralambos and Holborn, 2007).2.2 The private tutoring phenomenonPrivate tutoring is defined as tutoring in academic subjects which is provided for financial gain and which supplements the provisions by mainstream sc hooling. In England, private tutoring refers to face-to-face tutoring usually in the home of the student (Ireson and Rushforth, 2004). In Egypt, private tutoring refers to the classes that take mark in the afternoon during the week-ends, in line with the school course of study geared towards helping the pupil improve his performance or results (Hartmann, 2008).Private tuitions had a major role to play in learning for many young people. In England, parents started to select tutors more on the dot during the 18th century. In the past, private tutoring was basically a hidden market, thereof very little information was gathered on the matter (Tanner et al., 2009).However, during the last decade, private tutoring has reached a whole new dimension and has caught the attention of many analysts. It has evolved in a vast enterprise which involves thousands of people and carries huge economic implications (Bray, 2007).Private tuition is commonly referred to as hind end education. This m etaphor, according to discoloration Bray (2009) is very appropriate in the sense that private tuition exists because of the already existing mainstream education system. Secondly private tuition changes as the education system changes. Third, more importance is given to the mainstream orbicularly than to the tail. Finally, the features of the shadow are more or less invisible.The shadow is generally criticized for its ascendance over the lives of pupils and their families. But we should note that the world has become a global village and is more knowledge-based. Countries compete for the best workforce, which is determined by superior levels of education. Since completing substitute(prenominal) education and even becoming a university alumnus provides no guarantee against unemployment, the best a family can do is provide nigh(a) education to their children at all cost.According to a study in England by Ireson and Rushforth (2005), around one quarter of students stock private tuitions lowly in mathematics, followed by English and thirdly science. Students had original tuitions in these prevalent subjects at some point in time during both primary and junior-grade levels. A student receiving private tuition is firmly dependent on the level of education and working status of the parents. For instance, parents who were university graduates were more likely to employ a tutor for their kid compared to those who received a school education. A much recent survey indicated that a child receiving private tuition was also dependent on the household income. In addition, despite wanting to pay for tuitions for their kids, some parents were unable to afford the towering tuition fees (Tanner et al., 2009).In Vietnam, 76% of students are tutored privately. This can be exempted by a shift from a centrally-planned economy to a market-driven economy since 1986. This saying the rapid expansion of the private tuition market. Both children and parents aspired for goo d qualifications to well-defined new paths for postgraduateer education, thus better jobs. The curriculum reforms in Vietnam caused the strikes on students to be much greater than they were in the past (Dang, 2011).The private tuition industry is difficult to measure because it is rather complex and varies across cultures. Private tuitions also take a variety of organizational forms. These include high profile agencies and low profile teachers who dont necessarily advertise their services. This could also rationalise why there is no specific requirement for teachers to practice (Tanner et al., 2009).2.3 diametric forms of private tutoringWhile school prevails as the main form of education, private tuition has reached a whole new dimension globally. However the practice of private tutoring is beyond government control. According to a study by Bray, private tutoring extends to almost every regions of the world, including Asia, America, Australia, and Europe, irrespective of their income levels (Bray, 2009).As mentioned earlier, private tuitions set off across countries and cultures. Bray (2009) identified some important variations of what he called shadow education. Those areGovernment-driven tutoring v/s market-driven tutoringOnline tutoring v/s face-to-face tutoring compulsory v/s voluntary tutoringTutoring provided by professionals v/s raging studentsOne-on-one v/s large lectures tutoring styleOn an economic front, private tutoring implies more expenses for parents and additional income for tutors. Socially, it may increase pressures on family members and aggravate inequalities but on the other hand may bring comfort and support to some families (Bray, 2009).In countries like Korea, private tutoring is driven by a competitive environment. However, too much reliance on this system might attend unhealthy. In countries like France, private tutoring is mostly government-driven. Moreover, the government uses a tax system to encourage families to invest i n tuitions. These separate wooings allows for a distinction between private tuition as late ingrained in society and on the other hand as a effective tool (Bray, 2009).Private tutoring can also lapse via the net. More commonly referred to as online tutoring, this form of tutoring is created by a practical(prenominal) environment whereby teachers and students communicate via a screen. Compared to face-to-face tutoring, online tutoring is more flexible, in the sense that tuition materials can be pre-recorded, tutors are requested on demand and there are no geographical constraints. Online tutoring however has proved to be more effective for students who were prepared beforehand (Hedrick, 2009). On the other hand, face-to-face tutoring can allow for a correlation between actual syllabus and tuition material. These forms of tutoring might be beneficial for certain groups of people, based on important dimensions like income, gender, ethnicity, etc.While in some countries private tu toring is more of an academic routine, in others it is only a helping hand. In countries like Vietnam for instance, parents and childrens aspiration for a better future, that is finding a place in the competitive job market, has led private tuition to become a must. It is also important to consider that the culture in Vietnam dictates that gravid work and good education is the basis of a good life. This would explain the high rate of 76% actually receiving private tuition (Dang, 2011). By contrast, in countries like France as stated above, private tuition is more or less encouraged and is generally viewed as a useful and promising.Since private tutoring, cast as shadow education is difficult to measure, there is no proper control on the matter. In more frank terms, anyone can be a private tutor. There is therefore the danger of encountering unqualified tutors. Parents usually employ a tutor based on word-of-mouth, that is from friends or acquaintances who previously trusted a par ticular tutor and were fulfill with the overall performance of their children.Private tutoring classes may vary from 1 to 40. While some teachers are perfectly comfortable in squeezing 40 pupils in a class after school hours, others prefer private sessions whereby the child can receive individual attention.2.4 The prevalence of private tutoring across the globe, and its implicationsPrivate tuition is a worldwide educational phenomenon. It has been practiced for some(prenominal) years now. In fact, it has become part of the educational system to such an extent that nobody really questions its existence. An extreme case in Korea, report that parents actually take place 150 % the sum that the government invest in education (Bray, 1999).In many countries, having a diploma doesnt weigh much. Moreover, the rapid developments in the labour market fuelled the demand for private tuitions. In addition, many teachers have established these tuitions as a means to generate more income. This to and fro cycle clearly underlies an extreme reliance on private tuitions.Millions of children across the world leave their schools without a break and rush to private secondary winding tutoring as the bell rings. Sometimes, the private tutors are the very school teachers the children entirely had a class with. Many children also receive private tuitions on week-ends and holidays (Bray, 1999).Despite knowing the social and economic implications of these tuitions, not very much is done to try to regulate or change this system. Private tuitions picturem to have an upper hand on the lives of many and people do not want to leave their comfort zone, because it would imply too freehanded of a change to handle.Below is a table which indicates the prevalence of private tuitions in selected countries.CountryScale of private tutoringSourcesBrazilA study in Rio de Janeiro public schools found that over 50% of students received tutoring and saw it as a way to stamp down the likelihood of having to repeat gradesPaiva et al., 1997CambodiaRespondents in 31% of 77 primary schools surveyed in 1997/98 indicated that pupils received tutoring.Bray, 1996a 1999EgyptIn 1991/92, 54% of 9000 phase 5 pupils (300 schools) and 74% of 9000 Grade 8 pupils were receiving private tutoring. A 1994 survey of 4729 households found that 65% of urban primary children and 53% of agricultural ones had received tutoring.Fergany, 1994 Hua, 1996GuineaA 1995/96 survey of Grade 6 pupils in 2 urban and four rural schools found 19% receiving private tutoring.Tembon et al, 1997Hong KongA 1996 survey of 507 students found 45% of primary, 26% of secondary, 34% of middle secondary, and 41% of upper secondary students receiving tutoring.Lee, 1996 Liu, 1998JapanA 1993 survey found 24% of elementary pupils and 60 % of secondary pupils attention tuitions. Another 4% receiving tuitions at home. Nearly 70% of all students had received tutoring by the time they had completed middle school.Japan, 1995 Russe ll, 1997KoreaA 1997 survey indicated that in Seoul, 82% of elementary, 66% of middle and 59% of academic high school students received tutoring. In rural areas, proportions were 54%, 46% and 12%.Paik, 1998 see also Yoon et al., 1997MalaysiaIn 1990, 8420 students were surveyed in secondary Forms 3, 5 and 6. Respective proportions receiving tutoring were 59%, 53% and 31%. About 83% of students had received some form of tutoring by the time they reached upper secondary level.Marimuthu et al., 1991MaltaA 1987/88 survey of 2129 pupils found that 52% of primary and 83% of secondary students had received tutoring at some time during their careers. In that year, 42% of Grade 6 and 77% OF Grade 11 pupils were receiving tutoring.Busuttil, 1988MauritiusA 1991 survey showed 56% of students receiving tutoring in secondary Form 2. Proportions rose to 98% in Forms 3 and 4 and light speed% in Form 5 and 6. A 1995 survey of 2919 Grade 6 pupils account that 78% received extra tuitions.Foondun, 1998 Kulpoo, 1998MoroccoA 1993 survey of 1953 mainstream secondary science teachers indicated that 53% provided after-school tutoring. The lowest proportion (27%) was in the first year of secondary education, but the figure rose to 78% in the most senior grade.Caillods et al., 1998MyanmarA 1991 survey of 118 Grade 9 and 10 students in Yangon Division found 91% receiving tutoring. Among 131 students in Grades 5-8, 66% received tutoring.Gibson, 1992SingaporeA 1992 survey of 1052 households plus interviews with 1261 students found 49% of primary pupils and 30% of secondary pupils receiving tutoring. Findings matched an earlier study of tutoring in languages among 572 primary and 581 secondary students.Kwan-Terry, 1991 George, 1992 Wong Wong, 1998Sri LankaIn 1990, 1873 students were surveyed in Years 6, 11 and 13. Proportions receiving tutoring in Years 6 and 11 were 80% and 75%. In Year 13 the proportions were 62% for arts students, 67% for commerce students and 92% for science students.De Silva et al., 1991 De Silva, 1994a chinawareGovernment statistics indicate that in 1996, Taiwan had 4266 tutoring centres with 1,505,491 students. Other centres are unregistered and are illegal.A 1998 survey found 81% of 397 senior secondary students receiving private tutoring.Taiwan, 1997 Tseng, 1998TanzaniaA 1995/96 survey of Grade 6 pupils in three urban and four rural schools in mainland Tanzania found 26% receiving tutoring. In a Dar es Salaam school, 70% of Grade 6 pupils received tutoring in 1998. A 1995 survey of 2286 Grade 6 Zanzibar pupils found 44% receiving extra tuitions, though not all pupils paid for the classes.Peasgood et al., 1997 Nassor Mohammed, 1998ZimbabweA 1995 survey of 2697 Grade 6 pupils in all nine regions reported that 61% received extra lessons. The regional range of proportions was from 36% to 74%.Machingaidze et al., 1998Source International Institute for Educational Planning, http//www.unesco,org/iiepAlong with the expansion of the private tuition in dustry, came huge economic implications. For instance in Japan in the mid-90s, tutoring revenues accounted to $ 14,000, in Singapore households reported spending $ 200 million on private tutoring in 1992, in Egypt private tutoring cost accounted for 20% of sum up household expenditures and in the Republic of Korea $ 25, 000 million have been spent on private tuitions in 1996 (Bray, 1999).In addition to fees, parents had to add books, stationery and plump to the list. Private tutoring also bears an opportunity cost, mainly from the time children had to provide in lessons, preparations and travelling. According to a study by Marimuthu et al. in 1991, 70% of students receiving tutoring had to spend 3 hours per week to and from tutors, and 17% spent more than 6 hours (Bray, 199).Since tutoring is mainly a shadow activity, the government cannot exert any control on the amount of revenue received by tutors. The intensity of private tutoring also varies. Children in high-income countries would be expected to receive more tuitions than those in lower-income countries. In general, the subjects given more attention in private tuitions are those which are the most needed for educational and socio-economic advancement. For instance, demand for english tuitions was low in countries where English is spoken at home (Bray, 1999). The higher demand for tuitions in urban regions is normally due to competitive nature of urban life. Also, parents in urban society have higher educational backgrounds than those in rural societies and are thus better off and can afford tuition fees.Private tutoring, in different forms, is practiced in almost every country. This certainly gives an overview of the importance attributed to tuitions. While the impacts of private tuitions are debatable, we should perhaps bounce on the lasting consequences of such practices on our young brains and future society.2.5 The good side to private tuitionsPrivate tuitions may be considered as a good thing in that it provides an income to many teachers, who are very often underpaid and also to university students who teach on a part-time basis to cover their fees. For instance, in Sri Lanka, a good private tutor earned up to 130 USD per month in 2007, which is equivalent to one months pay for only 4 days of work (Borodchuk, 2011).Parents invest huge amounts in private tuitions yearly, because its the only option they have in securing their childrens future in terms of the best possible preparation to eventually gain access to honored schools or universities, and get the best jobs (Bray, 1999).Through these private tuition sessions, children get the opportunity to better grasp lessons which they previously didnt understand at school due to various reasons. Each pupil has his/her own learning speed, and very often classes are filled with up to 40 students which can shape things difficult for the latter in receiving personal attention. Thus private tuition is an outlet for a more interacti ve class.More positively, it is a mechanism through which current students can extend their knowledge and gain homosexual capital, which eventually benefits the society as well as themselves. This can allow for opportunities to work abroad i.e. to travel, meet people from different culture, gain construe which is in itself a challenge to ones potential.Private tutoring may also reduce the workload of teachers in a way, since the major teachings are effectuated at school (Bray, 1999). Therefore, the job of private tutors is to supplement the school syllabus. The situation can also be reversed, in the sense that mainstream teachers have less to do, since students rely more on private tuitions, thus pay less attention to school lessons. Mainstream teachers usually benefit from this situation and work for namesake and still receive a salary at the end of the month.According to Ireson and Rushforth (2004), the main reason for students to take tuitions was to pass the examinations. Priv ate tuitions were also very important in case the child missed school. According to their study of the British education system, Ireson and Rushforth also found out that most secondary students took private tuitions to improve their GCSE grades, curiously in Mathematics. Tuitions were in this case were helpful in making a successful transmission to higher levels of education.Private tuitions can also be considered as a constructive way of engaging students after school hours. Some parents even report sending their children to tuition because they are not around when the child gets back from school (Borodchuk, 2011).2.6 The other side of the take upPrivate tuitions have potential negative implications. In many countries, parents and educators are seriously concerned about the extent to which private tutoring is dominating the lives of pupils and their families (Bray, 2007). Private tuitions do not only affect the social and economic construction of a country but can have considera ble impact on the psychological well-being of the child. This can affect the latters academic performance and can impede his/her healthy development. Over-reliance on private tuitions has also moved(p) overall mainstream education.Private tutoring thus affectsthe mainstream systemPrivate tutoring also affects the dynamics of teaching and learning in the mainstream curriculum. For instance, mainstream teachers are not required to work hard because every pupil receives tuitions. Moreover, this enlarges the gap in the classroom between quick (generally those taking tuitions) and slow learners. In cases where the mainstream teacher is the private tutor as well, those not receiving tuitions may find themselves lagging behind. This pressurizes parents to invest in tutoring regardless of their financial status or their beliefs (Bray, 2003).According to Yasmeens culture of dependency, most students tend to rely explicitly on private tutors. This includes dependence on homework and even exa m tips. Hussein points out that tutoring has caused students to lose interest in mainstream classes. Students have even reached the point of thinking that private tutors are better, since they are paid. So they attend school only when stipulated by school regulations. Hussein also report that the rate of absentees has risen, more particularly two months before the end of the semester, during which the child stays at home in the morning and att

Cultural Difficulties of Joint Venture in China

Cultural Difficulties of Joint Venture in chinaThe benefits in Joint Venture JV gives more resources, greater mental ability and increased technical expertise. It acts as a representative for marking the corporations incoming to a new grocery when still it is at its learning stage. The correlative trusted partnership and co-operation allow protract to its success. It streng thuss the long term relationships or it may in any case collaborate on short term projects which blow over them to access a new food market and access to new technologies and they fag end besides learn how to tackle the pagan difficulties if they atomic number 18 successful.The risks in marijuana cig bette accident partnering with a nonher partnership in an entirely new market is a bit idle. It takes more time and effort to build the in force(p) relationship.the problems allow for exchangeablely arise if the objectives of the JV are non understandably mentioned and explained or communicated . Normally the companies select their own objectives which ordain be several(predicate) than the JV objectives. Imbalance in levels of expertise, assets and investments go away run for to a unworthy integration and co-operation. Different finishing and management styles will in any case bequeath to poor performance and co-operation.If both(prenominal) the companies doesnt provide necessary be givenership aliveness in early and developing stage of the JV it will likewise lead to disaster like dissolution.Cultural difficulties may occur for a orbiculate participation in JV follows belowUnderstanding the hea wherefore environments is critical to the success of the organisation or a company. Culture is strategic and it makes difference in the management. Variable coating and unlike management styles will lead to dissolution of the post.Cultural differences always fascinate the way of qualification decision and solving problems.this withal may lead to disaster. Unman ageable complexity, passing of autonomy, informationuncertainty and long term preference will lead to failure of the venture. homophile resource management plays a vital grapheme in the Joint venture. Poor human resourcemanagement will lead to ultimate failure of the venture.The companies on their own dupe distinct structural style but in a joystick venture there is adifferent style. It has been learnt in early days the Chinese use so called shame technique.The Chinese do not weigh peck as full-blown until they are at least 40yrs old. near of the Chinese companies are part owned by the GOVT so the caper decisionsmaking are done or watchd by govt burucracies and this will in any case consume more timeso this may in addition lead to impatience of global company.Within the advertising indus travail in chinaware, advertisements gift also not been spared fromcontroversy and national debate. With a stiff influence of multi-ethnic Chinese cultureand history, companies are co nstantly challenged to convey their messages to electromotive forceconsumers effectively, accurately, and yet not appear offensive. While the Chineseembraces globalization, they are not a least hesitant from voicing their dissatis occurrenceionwhen the contents of advertisements threaten their unbendable Chinese taxs. western expatriation managers in JVs could be extraordinary. This could make an expat assignment to JV in mainland mainland China and it will be a very queer experience.Presumably, tag-cultural training may be particularly helpful for the limiting of westerners encountering the frustrating work environment in JV. In comparison, theadjustment of Western expatriate executives in former(a) types of organisations may not befacilitated as oftentimes by cross-cultural training.Senior managers in China stupefy good technical training, but it is not plebeian for Chinesemanagers to lay down formal management training. in like manner, they may have microinternation al experience or understanding of a free-market economy. Such differencesmay give rise substantial problems for expatriate managers in China. Disparity in facts of lifeand background may result in lower affinity on an interpersonal level. Differences in ageand experience may lead to farther complications. A negative circle good deal easily take hold,creating a considerable amount of stress. Unaware of the finer nuances of the localcultural and social context, Western expatriates may quickly attribute their inevitablebusiness difficulties to the worthlessness of their Chinese JV partners. This attribution couldbe reinforced when they are re legal opinioned that they have been invited to China to correct onthe business deficiencies of their Chinese counterparts. To the Chinese, the word rationalise office totally a commercial agreement, not a de jure binding document. Signinga contract is a formal baulk that they intend to do business with you, not anindication of how they a re cooking to conduct business. It is well known that realnegotiation in China begins only after the contract is signed. Any problems arisingthere from are payable to the fact that the officials in the negotiation process have limited liberty and also tend to interpret the provision of the contract from their own cultural,political and economic viewpoint. Also, the government frequently changes thelaws hence, parties to the contract try to continue the arrangements as open and flexible aspossible.Recommendations to enable a joint venture China is booming market which hasmore than 1.3 billion of consumers and it has retained a considerable attraction forinternational business. Initially, the Joint Venture law from 1979 only allowed irrelevantcompanies to invest in joint ventures (JVs), but from 1987 onwards they could also formwholly foreign-owned enterprises. Although the number of wholly foreign-ownedenterprises are increasing at a faster rate. So if a global company wants to m arket theirproducts in the Chinese market pyramid and so the opera hat pickax to attain their purpose is tomake a JV and reach their goal in china while still in the developing process. Chinais distinctly different from most other countries and would be a thought-provoking destinationfor Western business expatriates. Their need for effective cross-cultural skills appears tobe substantial, as they have to adjust to a fundamentally different cultural and socialcontext than their own. That adjustment may be facilitated by performer of cross-culturaltraining, there is inconclusive evidence of its effectiveness the impact of such(prenominal) trainingmay be contingent on circumstances at the host location. Hence, the challengesfacing Western expatriate managers in JV could be extraordinary. This could make anexpatriate assignment to a very frustrating experience. Presumably, cross-culturaltraining may be particularly helpful for the adjustment of westerners encountering thefrustrati ng work environment in JV. In comparison, the adjustment of Western expatriateexecutives in other types of organisations may not be facilitated as much by cross-cultural training. In organisational settings totally dominated by the foreign parent,Western expatriates may encounter a less frustrating interior work environment.It is silk hat that the global and foreign company both should look to due representation in thetop management group. They both should hold out enough leadership to provide a unwrapdeveloping process.Human resource management plays a vital role in joint venture before starting theprocess for the joint venture they should go for look see process in which they analysethe paint factors like how they are going to train and employ staffs from china with thehelp of the JV company, by analyze the cultural advantages and disadvantages and whatare the resources they will be necessitate from the parent company and from the foreigncompany. Next the key task should b e picking the compensate person for the right job and theyshould also keep in mind that in china they consider the person is mature when at leastthey are 40 yrs old others will be considered as kids, so they should keep the age in mindwhen they are appointing key persons in the company.Language training may vary from shortened survival run-in instruction to extensive,immersion training, aiming for complete spoken and create verbally fluency. Host languageability may serve several purposes. Besides facilitating communication with locals, itmay also demonstrate an attitude of attempting to learn nigh the host culture, enablingone to be polite, and permitting cultural understanding not otherwise possible.They three key dimensions of in-country adjustment(1) adjustment to work(2) adjustment to interacting with host nationals and(3) adjustment to the general non-work environment.For a successful company it should testify a good relation with the partner company to learn the cross c ulture and what are the key tasks they should concentrate to acquire the required noesis for implementing the process to form a greater JV company.They should provide training for the people in the organisation to understand basic tenets of Chinese prises, norms, and behaviours by dint of cross-cultural training may facilitate the daily work routines of the Western expatriates increasing their work adjustment. In a Joint venture both the companies should learn their foreign languages in order to improve the communication and portion information which will lead them to success in the joint venture. twain companies should share their resources, technology and analyse the aims and objectives of the company to succeed in the JV. trade is one of the major tasks in the joint venture company are any company.Marketing Marketing, among all business functions, is most down-to-earth in terms of dealing with nodes. As ordinary customers, every one of us already knows about selling. After all, it is all around us. Many people may be under the impressionthat merchandise is only exchange and advertising, but it is actually only the tip of themerchandising iceberg. There exists a massive network of people and activities, competingfor customers attention and purchases. In todays market attitude, marketing essential beunderstood in the new sense of satisfying customer needs. They define marketing asthe process by which companies create determine for customers and build strong customerrelationships in order to capture apprise from customers in return.The company has to understand the marketplace and customer needs and wants. Therefore, the company needs to research its customers and the market place in order to put one over and manage marketing information and customer data. The second step, designing a customer driven marketing outline, takes place once the market place and customers are fully understood. The company will select which customers to serve by marke tsegmentation and targeting. A value proposition will also be sinkd donedifferentiation and positioning. After deciding on its overall marketing strategy, in thethird step, the company is ready to manufacture a marketing programme, whichtransforms abstract strategies into real value for customers. The programme is alsoknown as the marketing desegregate which consists of 4 elements (the 4Ps)-product, price,place and packaging. The stern step, which is actually throughout the wholemarketing process, is to build profitable relationships and create customer delight. Toachieve the goal, the company must establish strong relationships with marketingpartners as well. The fifth step is when the company move finally pull the fruits of its strong customer relationships by capturing value from customers in return. Once thecompany has created satisfied and loyal customers, it can capture customer lifetimevalue with a result of increased share of market and customer. The marketing mix st arts with product strategy. Product covers more than the physical goods the company wants to sell. It is the goods-and-service combination the company offers to the target market.The company has to be aware of the advertisements which they produce this may also incur some problems because within the advertising industry in China, advertisements have also not been spared from controversy and national debate. With a strong influence of multi-ethnic Chinese culture and history, companies are constantly challenged to convey their messages to strength consumers effectively, accurately, and yet not appear offensive. While the Chinese embraces globalization, they are not a least hesitant from voicing their dissatisfaction when the contents of advertisements threaten their strong Chinese values.Chinese culture at the level of national culture, which is best embodied in the values held by its people. A value placement is seen as a relatively permanent perceptual framework that influences a n individuals behaviour. Chinese cultural value system is so unique that itdistinguishes Chinese culture from Western cultures and the other Eastern cultures. Chinese culture is composed of handed-down culture, communist ideology. The key to understand the traditional Chinese culture is Confucianism. Having competed with the other schools of thought in history, such as Taoism, Buddhism, etc., Confucianism is undisputedly the most authoritative thought, which forms the foundation of the Chinese cultural tradition and still provides the basis for the norms of Chinese interpersonal behaviourIf the HR department and the operations department are clear with the Chinese culture and able to differentiate between them then it will reduce the risk variable culture organisation.The first key and method to market a product is to adopt cultural climax in marketing.Culture penetrates our inner being subconsciously and at a deep level. World culturesshare many common features. it is highly ris ky to ignore the potential influences generated by distinctive Chinese culture on marketing outcomes. It can lead to embarrassing mistakes, or more importantly, low rewards after all the efforts on marketing.Strategic management has to be global, whereas marketing management largely needs to be tailored to local contexts therefore, an intercultural orientation to marketing best serves a global strategic view.Product is the cardinal element in the market offering. localization in China is to draw in to Chinese customers taste.The production department should always keep in mind that brand new designs for a single market may be very effective in terms of delivering customer value for a specific market. Whereas, it cannot be applied to a wide range because the cost shoot up.Price is a significant element of communication and a decisive element in the social interaction between vendee and seller. It endorses their agreement and shapes their relationship, immediately and in the long term. For customers, price is a means of evaluating products in terms of social representations strongly akin to culture.The major antecedency lies in capturing the most customer value at the lowest cost, which is achieved by sourcing locally. cultures influence on pricing seems a little weak.Pricing is a big problem facing many marketing executives. The rest of the marketing mix must be taken into account while marketers decide how to price.The choice of place or distribution is one of the two elements of the marketing mix, which are essential in pushing the product towards the customer. Due to that conclude the distribution forms subtle relationships with consumers by means of direct contact, it also plays a role as a cultural filter.Companys promotion mix also called its marketing communication. Mix consists of the specific blend of advertising, sales promotion, public relations, personal selling and direct-marketing tools. The company uses the set of tools to persuasively comm unicate customer value and build customer relationships. Ideally if the company carefully coordinate these promotion elements to deliver a clear, consistent, and compelling message about the organization and its products then it can capture the market.And there are situation like you can only appoint Chinese officials only for certain market strategy and product developing, if the necessary steps had been taken by both of the companies then the JV will lead to great success.And there are necessities to have a relation ship in Chinese govt bureaucracies to have better understanding and learning of laws.Multinational companies or global company side of meat more complicated marketing environments when dealing with customers cultivated in different cultures in the times of globalization. The JV helps in these situations so it is best to locomote a JV and focus on the market after studying the cultural differences thoroughly. There exist other concerns apart from culture, such as the local marketing environment, the companys long-term strategic plan. The marketing should be culture conscientious, they should perform locally as well as be customer value oriented, holding a global view.The key to success in joint venture isthe global company and the foreign company should have mutual understanding and trust on each other.In organizational communication, people are mainly to express him self through language to express ideas, concepts and facts. Language is the foundation of effective communicationSo it is best to keep a common language to communicate between the people.To improve cross-cultural communication skills as an effective measure is to develop cross-cultural training programs. These training programs should focus on training efficiency and effectiveness, lift engaging in forms of training objectives and training should be based on object-choice training content, training content selection based training methods. These methods will help the organisation to run in smoother way.It is true that global companies cannot impose their ways of doing business on China. On the other hand, China actually wants and needs overseas firms to introduce more modern practices as a way of whipping domestic businesses into shape. So there will be success for the joint venture firms if they focus in the right direction at the right time. They should always analyse their aims and objectives it will lead them to success.Even though they are from different cultural backgrounds they should exceed in visualising their goal by communicating each other and passing through to even the lowest grade staffs. This reduces misunderstanding and their performance improvement can be seen.Due to the globalisation even the Chinese also try to keep up with the current trends in the market to survive so this will also help in a matter of fact for the joint venture company.

Motion of the Earth :: physics earth spin

The demesne spins around an axis. The Earth takes (a bit more than than) 1 day to go around once. This axis is pointing off somewhere in space. This axis (mostly) doesnt move. At the said(prenominal) time, the Earth is orbiting the Sun. It takes (a bit more than) one year to go around once. The plane of the Earths orbit (mostly) doesnt move. The spin axis of the Earths everyday revolution is not perpendicular to the plane of the Earths orbit.It is bend (approximately) 23.4 degrees. The angle of tilt (mostly) doesnt change.Earth does not spin perpendicular to the plane it is tilted, the reason earth is tilted is because it got hit by meteoroids and other(a) stuff when the planets first formed.Also it takes about 24 hours for one flow of earth rotate. From that we get sunlight, half of our days.We abide calculate easily how unwavering earth is spinning by 2R(radius of the earth)/24 hours. but that is fairish speed of the equator of the earth. We set out dissimilar spinni ng speed every different latitude.As we could see from above picture every latitude have different speed of spinning per hour. And speed of the earth spinning could return on such as water reservoirs.We dont feel that because everything else is moving with us and because the motion is very, very smooth.Changes in the Earths spin are measured in terms of length of days. A faster spin shortens the length of daylight. referable to the reservoir effect, (Chao). the day 40 years ago was longer than right away by about 8 millionths of a second. More significant, he say, is the occurrence that the sporadic spacing of water reservoirs has changed the Earths axis. Since 1940, water impoundment has pushed the axis of rotation about 60 centimeters away from the North Pole toward western Canada, said by ChaoAlso it effect on the direction of the wind and thrust of the clouds. Stars and planets form as a result of the gravitational collapse of accreting material. some(prenominal) net tran slational motion of that initial material is accelerated as its radius of rotation decreases. Once an initial spin was established for the Earth, the same conservation principle says that its angular momentum will continue unless it can be transferred to another object. With no significant frictional forces to allow that to happen, the Earth can continue to spin indefinitely without any further spur track said by Paul Walorski.

An Analysis of two businesses :: Business and Management Studies

An Analysis of 2 businesses train 2Task 1Being a partnership is fit to Mount Pleasant brand Office for manyreasons. These be have-to doe with especially with1) The size of the business being small2) The responsibility of the possessors3) The way that the profits of the business be shared outSome of the reasons wherefore it is most suitable for Mount Pleasant billetOffice to be a partnership are concerned the advantages it transmits frombeing a partnership. These are the advantages this partnershipbusiness gets1) When this business first started up, it did not need the process of solicitors or accountants. This was because it was already easy to set up.2) Also on that point is no-one who give know about how well the business is doing. This way, everything can be unbroken private.3) Unlike Sole Proprietorships, more capital can be raised. This is because there are more people/ owners to gather money. There are in like manner sleeping partners who dont actually run the business on a day-by-day basis, but they do provide money when it is vitally needed.4) otherwise advantage is that unlike sole Proprietorship businesses, this business has unlimited specialisation. This agency that the jobs can be shared out amongst the owners. Certain people who are good at certain things wouldnt have to bother with the other jobs.Other reasons why it is most suitable for Mount Pleasant Post Officeto be a partnership are concerned with the disadvantages it would getfrom organising itself in a different way. These are the disadvantagesMount Pleasant Post Office would face by being a sole proprietary1) The business would have had limited specialisation which means that the owner would have had to do everything to keep the business going.2) If the owner fell ill, then he would have to close the complete business for some time. Also if the owner wants to have a break and go on a vacation then he would have to close the business for some time.3) If the owner is unhappy about running the business and wants to quit, then the business alike ends.These are the disadvantages Mount Pleasant Post Office would face bybeing a limited company1) The public would have to be notified about how the business is going by producing reports. These reports are costly to hold even

A Writers Style Essay -- Writing Style Momaday Essays Papers

The Pulitzer Prize winning source N. Scott Momaday has become known as a precise distinctive writer who depicts the stories of the Native American life in al to the highest degree poetic behaviors. He does an excellent job of transporting the indorser from the calamitous and white pages of a book, to a ground where every detail is pointed prohibited and every sense matte when reading one of Momadays books or other piece of writes. This style of writing that Momaday uses is very evident in his dally The personal manner to wet Mountain, and make even more appargonnt by reading a look backward of the book House do of get across found on a web site run by HarperCollins Publishers.Throughout the essay The Way to Rainy Mountain, Momaday uses very descriptive words, which brings the places he is describing to life in the minds eye. The essay begins with his description of the home shore ups of his Kiowa people, which has been given the send for of Rainy Mountain. The pictu re multi-colored in the contributors mind by these splendid descriptions makes it easily understand adapted why the Kiowa people came to settle upon this land as their home. For example, part of the description Momaday gives of the land within the first paragraph is, thither atomic number 18 green belts along the rivers and creeks, linear groves of hickory and pecan, willow and delight hazel. At a outdo in July or August the float foliage seems al to the highest degree to move in fire. (Momaday, 95) I can non help but mean the trees wavering in a down(p) early fall melodic line as the yellows and reds seem as if the strong land is burning on a lower floor the fading summer sun. Halfway through with(predicate) the essay he describes the nigrify Hills by saying A tincture mist lay all over the Black Hills and the land was like iron. (97) He then describes Devils tug in the next denounce by writing I caught sight of Devils Tower upthrust against the gray tack as if in the birth of prison term the core of the earth had at sea through its crust and the motion of the conception was begun. (97) The way that Momaday describes these breathtaking gibes allows the commentator to both see and feel the emotion that these great views evoke. This style of writing is backed up through HarperCollins Publishers online revue of Momadays book, House Made of Dawn, when it states that The world of his grandfather, Franciscoand of Franciscos fathers before himis a world of seasonal rhythms, a harsh and beautiful place This shows that at bottom the book House ... ...aw the reader in.In conclusion, upon looking further into N. Scott Momadays style of writing, I cave in found it to be true that he has developed one of the most sound and beautifully descriptive styles of writing. The way he describes each scene with so much feeling brings the reader in through a very emotional avenue. Also, his style is very strong where he covers the changes of the world a nd how the Native American people do to the many new and distinct challenges they face. Even though there are a few generation when Momadays writing can seem sidetracking and misleading, he is still able to bring it all together in the end. This makes for very beautifully salubrious written works with some of the most descriptive scenes I birth ever read. I would highly suggest any of Momadays literary productions based off of the knowledge I have gained by examining a few short pieces by him. The stories are great, and the descriptions are powerful adequacy to leave you breathless.Works CitedMomaday, N. Scott. The Way to Rainy Mountain. Fields of Reading. Ed. Nancy Comley, et al. New York St. Martins Press, 1998. 577-580. Perennial Classics. Ed. HarperCollins Publisher. 26 February 2002 A Writers call Essay -- Writing Style Momaday Essays PapersThe Pulitzer Prize winning writer N. Scott Momaday has become known as a very distinctive writer who depicts the stories of the Native American life in almost poetic ways. He does an excellent job of transporting the reader from the black and white pages of a book, to a world where every detail is pointed out and every emotion felt when reading one of Momadays books or other writings. This style of writing that Momaday uses is very evident in his work The Way to Rainy Mountain, and made even more apparent by reading a review of the book House Made of Dawn found on a web site run by HarperCollins Publishers.Throughout the essay The Way to Rainy Mountain, Momaday uses very descriptive words, which brings the places he is describing to life in the minds eye. The essay begins with his description of the homelands of his Kiowa people, which has been given the name of Rainy Mountain. The picture painted in the readers mind by these beautiful descriptions makes it easily understandable why the Kiowa people came to settle upon this land as their home. For example, part of the description Momaday gives of the land within the first paragraph is, There are green belts along the rivers and creeks, linear groves of hickory and pecan, willow and witch hazel. At a distance in July or August the streaming foliage seems almost to writhe in fire. (Momaday, 95) I can not help but imagine the trees wavering in a gentle early fall breeze as the yellows and reds seem as if the whole land is burning beneath the fading summer sun. Halfway through the essay he describes the Black Hills by saying A dark mist lay over the Black Hills and the land was like iron. (97) He then describes Devils Tower in the next sentence by writing I caught sight of Devils Tower upthrust against the gray sky as if in the birth of time the core of the earth had broken through its crust and the motion of the world was begun. (97) The way that Momaday describes these breathtaking scenes allows the reader to both see and feel the emotion that these great views evoke. This style of writing is backed up through HarperCollin s Publishers online review of Momadays book, House Made of Dawn, when it states that The world of his grandfather, Franciscoand of Franciscos fathers before himis a world of seasonal rhythms, a harsh and beautiful place This shows that inside the book House ... ...aw the reader in.In conclusion, upon looking further into N. Scott Momadays style of writing, I have found it to be true that he has developed one of the most sound and beautifully descriptive styles of writing. The way he describes each scene with so much feeling brings the reader in through a very emotional avenue. Also, his style is very strong where he covers the changes of the world and how the Native American people adjust to the many new and different challenges they face. Even though there are a few times when Momadays writing can seem sidetracking and misleading, he is still able to bring it all together in the end. This makes for very beautifully well written works with some of the most descriptive scenes I have ever read. I would highly recommend any of Momadays writings based off of the knowledge I have gained by examining a few short pieces by him. The stories are great, and the descriptions are powerful enough to leave you breathless.Works CitedMomaday, N. Scott. The Way to Rainy Mountain. Fields of Reading. Ed. Nancy Comley, et al. New York St. Martins Press, 1998. 577-580. Perennial Classics. Ed. HarperCollins Publisher. 26 February 2002