The Tragedy Of Othello By William Shakespeare - 1141 Words

Amila Dzananovic Communication Arts 2 Hr 16 December 2014 Othello Essay The Tragedy of Othello The renowned play of Othello was written by William Shakespeare in the 17th century. The drama follows the life of Othello, a well-respected and admired Venetian general, and the lie he gets tangled up in. Othello is deceived by his â€Å"trustworthy† friend, Iago, who confidently convinces Othello that his honest wife, Desdemona, committed infidelity upon him with his honorable lieutenant, Cassio. At the start, Othello doesn’t quite believe Iago because he knew his wife would never do such a thing. Although, as the play progresses so does Othello’s trust in Iago. The audience is able to witness Othello’s mental deterioration and Iago’s personal motive for the deception. Towards the end of the tragic play Othello confronts his wife and mistakenly smothers her. Everything starts to fall into place, but not exactly the way Iago had in mind. Othello would be considered a tragic hero due to the fact that he had his entire life ahead of him, but it unfor tunately falls apart because of his easy to manipulate personality, insecurities, and emotional vulnerabilities. In spite of the fact that Othello is brave and courageous, he still seems to show qualities of a malleable person. Othello is extremely easy to persuade and manipulate. Even though he tries to fight against the manipulation it still seems to gravitate towards him. When Iago told Othello the â€Å"truth† about Cassio and Desdemona,Show MoreRelatedThe Tragedy Of Othello By William Shakespeare757 Words   |  4 Pages The Tragedy of Othello by William Shakespeare William Shakespeare uses many literary devices to enhance and provide greater complexity in his works. More specifically, the theme, symbolism, and dramatic irony are used to enrich Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Othello. The plot is definitely engaging but the theme allows for an universal human correspondence, furthering the depth of the author’s message. The element of symbolism contributes to the theme of Shakespeare’s tragedy. Symbolism expressesRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Othello By William Shakespeare938 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Tragedy of Othello† is commonly considered one of Shakespeare s greatest tragedies and one of his finest works. In this play we see many literary devices at work. Several of these devices are involved in Iago’s deceitful plot against Othello that creates much suspense for the duration of the play. In â€Å"The Tragedy of Othello,† William Shakespeare uses symbolism, irony, and tone to create this classic drama . Symbols are central to understanding â€Å"Othello† as a play. There are two significantRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Othello By William Shakespeare Essay1537 Words   |  7 PagesDrake Usher Ms. Zamanis Honors English II March 18, 2016 Othello Essay â€Å"The Tragedy of Othello,† by William Shakespeare, is about the tragic downfall of a once great man named Othello by the manipulation of Iago, the antagonist of the story. However, a deeper meaning of Othello could be â€Å"[It] is a tragedy of incomprehension, not at the level on intrigue but at the deepest level of human dealings. No one in Othello come to understand himself or anyone else.† It is debated on whether or not this isRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Othello By William Shakespeare Essay1418 Words   |  6 Pagesentertainment through their literature since the first known published work. However, for many centuries the writer has also been seen to have a diagnostic function, scrutinizing the ills of their society and portraying them for the world to see. William Shakespeare, 1564-1616, was an English playwright, poet and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world s most distinguished dramatist. His surviving works, incl uding some collaborations, consist of about 38 playsRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Othello By William Shakespeare1737 Words   |  7 PagesThe Tragedy of Othello the: Moor of Venice was written by William Shakespeare, and it is only one of countless notable plays he wrote. A reoccurring theme in Othello is jealousy brought on usually by deception; throughout the play people often hide their true intentions and are not always what they appear to be like W.H Auden said â€Å"There s always another story. There s more than meets the eye.† The relationships Iago built on manipulation, lies, and false promises were a crucial part of the play;Read MoreThe Tragedy Of Othello By William Shakespeare998 Words   |  4 Pages The Tragedy of Othello: The Moor of Venice is William Shakespeare’s play, written around sixteen hundreds. The Tragedy of Othello is not just a story of jealousy; this is a tragedy of the clash of two worlds. One of them is a world of absolute cynic, manipulate or Iago; the second world is the world of all the other characters in the tragedy, including, possibly, even Othello. Even though both of the main male characters, Iago and Othello, are murderers, they have different types of charactersRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Othello By William Shakespeare864 Words   |  4 PagesIn the play The Tragedy of Othello, The Moor of Venice by William Shakespeare, Emilia is portrayed as a women who doesn’t have enough self-confidence. She does many awful misdeeds to please her husband, and hopes that he will give her some affection. She just want to make her husband happy. Emilia betrayed her lady Desdemona, because Lago asked for her handkerchief for a while and since she just dropp ed it, suddenly, Emilia thought that this was her opportunity to quickly grab it and make LagoRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Othello By William Shakespeare1133 Words   |  5 PagesThe Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice, is a play written by William Shakespeare between 1601 and 1604 in England. Shakespeare is a legendary author, poet, and play writer. He has wrote many plays like Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Macbeth, and King Lear Othello is about a black general by the name of Othello who is desperately in love with a young woman named Desdemona. They marry and attempt to build a life together, even though Othello is way older than she is, he’s black, and did not come fromRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Othello By William Shakespeare1854 Words   |  8 PagesThe play â€Å"The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice† by William Shakespeare is often listed among the greatest stories of tragedies which explores numerous controversial topics including Inter-racial marriage, racism, j ealousy and revenge. While the titular character Othello is the protagonist of the story and definitely does occupy a large part of the play, the real focus of the play is on the ‘ingenuous’ Iago who makes everyone dance on his fingers and successfully manipulates them. The â€Å"Honest†Read MoreThe Tragedy Of William Shakespeare s Othello959 Words   |  4 Pagesthey have to deal with. According to dictionary.com, a struggle is defined as, â€Å"a forceful/violent attempt or effort to get free from restraint or contrition†. Some of these personal struggles are more pronounced than other. From Othello, the tragedy by William Shakespeare, we can see how humans are faced with individual contentions, and their daily actions are ways and efforts of trying to free themselves. In the discussion below we consider Othello’s struggle with being different, gullibility, timidity

The Importance of the Human Relationship with Animals

Human beings have always looked for similarities between themselves and other people as to gain common ground. However people also attempt to make connections between themselves and the more primal parts of nature. Animals have been along side people for centuries and them being by our side we’ve assigned them certain traits and meanings as an attempt to connect with them on a deeper level. The Egyptians treated felines as almost gods in their culture because, after domestication, they killed vermin which helped crops grow. That praise evolved into worship, and gave felines new meaning among human beings. In many ways humans change animals to suit their purposes in literature and as to allow us to more finely tune our imagination to the lives of animals. Human beings don’t have any idea what it’s like anymore to be one with their natural surroundings which is why we focus so intently on relating to the lives of animals. The more we try to become kindred with ani mals, the more definitive the relationship between humans and animals becomes. Our relationship is almost anything we decide it to be on our end of it, but as for the animals they seem to fairly indifferent. We can say whatever we want to say about our own relationships with animals, but they’re not going to ignore their own primal instincts no matter what we say. This is demonstrated through Timothy Treadwell’s experience with the grizzly bears in Alaska. Treadwell truely believed to be a kindred spirit with theShow MoreRelatedThe Positive Benefits Of Human Animal Bond1278 Words   |  6 Pagesconduct my research on the many positive benefits that a human-animal relationship has on a person’s emotional, physiological and even physical wellness across the lifespan, in this paper I will discuss a review of the literature regarding my chosen topic and how this information will impact my life. I chose to conduct further research on the importance of the human-anim al relationship, because according to our class readings, interactions with animals can help reduce harmful stress caused by the body’sRead More1 Define in Your Own Word’s : Attachment and Imprinting1428 Words   |  6 Pagesperson or animal forms between himself and another specific one – a tie that binds them together in space and endures over time. Attachment behaviour in adults towards a child includes responding sensitively and appropriately to the child’s needs.   Such behaviour appears universal across cultures. Attachment theory provides an explanation of how the parent-child relationship emerges and influences subsequent development. John Bowlby’s theory of attachment led to believe the importance of the child’sRead MoreThe World We Used to Live In by Vine Deloria Essay1667 Words   |  7 Pagesimportant ideas of native spirituality to the forefront. He discusses the importance of having and maintaining a relationship with mother earth and all living beings; an interconnectedness with nature in all forms that is crucial to the understanding and practice of Native American spirituality. Dreams and visions were discussed as an important form of communication in indigenous spirituality. The important relationships with animal and plant spirits are discussed. The concept of power and what is consideredRead MoreCreation Myths: Genesis vs. The Koran1354 Words   |  5 Pagesthem. They reflect how the culture views its place in the universe, the relations between the sexes, and above all the relationship of human beings to God. The creation myths of the Judeo-Christian tradition and Islam share many simi larities. Both put human beings squarely in the center of Gods creation in terms of His importance, and give Man dominance over plants and animals to varying degrees. Womens inferior place in society is shown as natural rather than a product of social influences. HoweverRead MoreAnimals : Humans And Animals1724 Words   |  7 PagesAnimals play an important yet unique role in human culture. We use animals for our own benefit, and sometimes forget that they are also living things. Humans have established themselves as the greater species, therefore placing animals below them, causing us to lose sight of the fact that animals play a vital role in our society. We take advantage of animals and think nothing of it. Understanding this relationship between humans and animals comes from understanding the differences between humansRead MoreThe Christian Understanding Of The Human Person Essay1376 Words   |  6 PagesThe Christian understanding of the human person is the relationship man h as with creation, man has with man and the dignity of the human person, as well as the relationship man has with God. These relationships interrelate and form who the human is and how they are in their life with God. The Laudato Si letter highlights that these are the bases for the human person. â€Å"Human life is grounded in three fundamental and closely intertwined relationships: with God, with our neighbour and with the earthRead MoreThe Hunter becomes the Prey829 Words   |  3 PagesThe hunter often becomes the prey. This is true in many environments where humans have lived and shared their environment with other great forces and large animals. This relationships and the constant contact have led to several myths, in this case the myth of the Jaguar in South America. This myth can be examined by a structure given by Levi Strauss in his Book â€Å"The jealous Potter.† In his book Levi Strauss explores the universal structure that is present in every myth, no matter whe re it comesRead MoreHow Human Beings Can Conserve Primate As Valuable Species1152 Words   |  5 Pages Animals and human beings come into contact with each other in the different environment across the world. This has been fostered by human settlement in most regions that were delegated for animals. Whenever there is a contact between human and animals, there is a chance for the development of a relationship. Although human beings are familiar with the interaction of companion animals like cats, human-animal interaction also occurs in the context of farms, laboratories and in the wilderness (DavisRead MoreComparing The Hebrew Or Israelite s ( Hoi ) And The Pandora Myth1491 Words   |  6 Pages In each of these works, this creation plays a significant role in showing the relationship between human beings and gods (or God) in that culture. The order of creation (Man Vs Women) indicates the importance one sex has over the other. In the book of Genesis (2.5-3) and Work and Days, Men are created before women towards the beginning of creation. However, the basis on why women are created i ndicates the importance of women in HoI and Greek cultures. In the book of Genesis (2.5-3) woman is createdRead MoreAnimals Like Us By Jonathan Safran Foer1744 Words   |  7 Pages Humans have always had a complicated relationship with non-human animals. This relationship has always benefitted the needs of humans, with little consideration for animals’ needs. Some animals are tortured for entertainment, some are butchered for food and others are taken from their habitat and family, and forced to be pets for humans. These are all examples of the ways humans have exploited animals for their own satisfaction. Hal Herzog’s essay â€Å"Animals Like Us† describes the complicated relationship

Stent fracture A fracture mechanics approach Free Essay Example, 5000 words

Occurrence of in-stent restenosis (ISR) to neointimal hyperplasia has been attributed to an alternate cause of in-vivo coronary stent fracture. Stent fracture primarily reflects upon an impulsive damage to the structure of stent support exclusive of any simulated process [13] [14]. The most important cause of stent fracture has been associated with excessive mechanical stress on the structure owing to angulations [15]. Figure 2: Stent Fracture [16]. The figure above presents a case where the stent structure has undergone a fracture. It represents a mechanical fault of the structure thereby affecting the durability of the structure [17]. This particular research is based on an understanding of the corrosion and fatigue of stents, focusing on stents analysis and the mechanics of fatigue and fracture in stents structures, based on an extensive literature review of the researches that have been previously conducted on this particular issue and hence overviews the understanding, opinions and views of those researches, to provide for an understanding and analysis for stent fractures. 2 Literature Review 2.1 Stents Fracture and Its Incidence: Although stent fracture is not a very common incidence that occurs, yet there are several reports of the incidence of fracture in the stent structure [18]. We will write a custom essay sample on Stent fracture: A fracture mechanics approach or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Hence not recognizing the level of importance of addressing the issue of fracture in stents cannot be supported, as researchers believe it to be. The use of drug-eluting stents has been made to replace the bare metal stents targeting towards reduction of the rates of restenosis also reducing the requirement of revascularization [19]. According to researchers, there is growing alarm about stent fracture as a prospective reason of stent restenosis and thrombosis, â€Å"which can lead to adverse clinical outcomes such as recurrent angina, myocardial infarction (MI), and even sudden death† [20]. The rates of incidence of fractures in stents have been obtained to be different as reported by different researches. This implies that accurate research has not been made on the incidence of stent fracture after its implantation in the human body [21]. The difference rates as could be obtained from different studies can be observed from the following chart. Table 1: Different rates of incidence of stent fractures obtained from different researches [22]. Studies reflect that the incidences of fractures in stents are under recognized [23]. They occur post implantation of the stents owing to severe complications of percutaneous coronary interventions.

The Punitive And Rehabilitative Approach As An...

Overview Offender incarceration is an indispensable part of the criminal justice reform issue. This paper contrasts the punitive and rehabilitative approach as two central areas of offender incarceration. The contemporary society presents individuals with divergent viewpoints on methods of dealing with offenders. A section of the public believes that offender incarceration is not an effective method of dealing with offenders. Most offenders from prison end up engaging in criminal activities and find their way back to correctional facilities. Rehabilitative approaches are increasingly being favored to punitive measures. Human rights provide a twentieth-century concern that is presently a colossal consideration in offender incarceration. Previous forms of punishment involved barbaric systems in which offenders were virtually outcasts. In the contemporary criminal justice system, rehabilitative systems are speciously beneficial, as compared to punitive approaches. The effectiveness of punitive measures persuades policy makers to establish other harsh policies to discourage crime. A layperson will most likely hurriedly conclude that it is an effective measure, especially if they are the victims of the crime. Intrinsically, more research on the topic is indispensable, before the formulation of a valid resolution. In the main, this paper explores the effect of certainty of punishment in crime deterrence. Potential criminals will possibly avoid crime if they are aware of certainShow MoreRelatedA Study on the Effectivity of the Philippine Prison System10770 Words   |  44 Pagesinstitutions during the colonial period (18th Century) produced the modern prisons. This system was characterized by the establishment of reformation with cellular confinement and the use of hard labor as disciplinary and reformative measures. 3 Criminal Science also evolved during this period. One of the first breakthroughs in laying its foundation was Beccarias book,4 of Crimes and Punishment. Beccaria believed that the only justification of legal confinement was the protection of society by preventionRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System2458 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction The reason why the Criminal Justice System (CJS) exists is to ensure justice is delivered –punish the guilty and help them stop offending, while at the same time protect the innocent. The penal system often employs different measure, some of which may involve the deprivation of fundamental human rights, such as freedom. Nevertheless, they are often justified on the basis of requirements of just social order and beneficial impact. The ongoing political debate and media coverage seem

British-Imperialism In George Orwells Shooting An Elephant

The essay â€Å"Shooting an Elephant,† by George Orwell tells about the life of the narrator in a time of British-Imperialism. He tells the story of himself being a sub-divisional police officer in a town that was against the occupation of the British. The narrator worked in an aimless and lack of control area. The essay often tells of the anger that Orwell feels about the natives. The narrator’s attitude toward the natives is anger because the natives made his job difficult, they ridiculed him, and pressured him to make bad decisions. The narrators feeling of anger toward the natives is fueled by them making his job difficult. Orwell’s job as a sub-divisional police officer created more problems for him. The natives did not like†¦show more content†¦The narrator’s trouble was heightened due to the fact that there was a loose elephant. For safety, and safety only, Orwell grabbed an elephant rifle in the case that problems were aroused. Upon seeing the rifle, the natives followed him like a pack of hungry wolves. The narrator told the readers that â€Å"The sole thought in my mind was that if anything went wrong those two thousand Burmans would see me pursued, caught, trampled on, and reduced to a grinning corpse like that Indian up the hill. And if that happened it was quite probable that some of them would laugh. That would never do. There was only one alternative. I shoved the cartridges, into the magazine and lay down the road to get a better aim† (Orwell 5). The narrator was angry that he was pressured to kill the elephant. In his conscience, he thought that he would leave the elephant alone because it was acting peaceful. He felt that the elephant was settling down and does not require to be put down. Orwell felt as though the crowd was going to laugh at him for being a coward. Orwell did not want to be labeled as a coward and therefore felt the need to kill the elephant. The narrator did not want to feel as tho ugh he could not kill the elephant and because he did feel this way, he was angry that the natives pressured him to shoot the elephant. The attitude conveyed in the essay â€Å"Shooting an Elephant† is anger because theShow MoreRelatedBritish Imperialism In George Orwells Shooting An Elephant1042 Words   |  5 Pages Shooting an Elephant by George Orwell portrays the fictional life of Orwell during his time as sub-divisional police officer in Moulmein, Lower Burma. The essay unveils the identity crisis as a British man, where rising imperialism of British in Burma is becoming more dominant. The essay started off identifying who George Orwell was. A sub-divisional police officer of Moulmein, who developed a feeling of being anti-European towards the Burmese people. By claiming that no one is courageous enoughRead More George Orwells Shooting an Elephant as an Attack on Colonialism and Imperialism842 Words   |  4 PagesGeorge Orwells Shooting an Elephant as an Attack on Colonialism and Imperialism    The glorious days of the imperial giants have passed, marking the death of the infamous and grandiose era of imperialism. George Orwells essay, Shooting an Elephant, deals with the evils of imperialism. The unjust shooting of an elephant in Orwells story is the central focus from which Orwell builds his argument through the two dominant characters, the elephant and its executioner. The British officer, theRead MoreThe Evil Of Imperialism In George Orwells Shooting An Elephant1023 Words   |  5 PagesShooting An Elephant In George Orwell’s narrative, â€Å"Shooting An Elephant,† Orwell recreates his experience as a soldier trying to end imperialism in the country of Burma by shooting an elephant. George Orwell recreates this experience of imperialism being evil through the use of literary devices. Orwell opens his essay by reflecting upon the evil of British imperialism before shooting the elephant. Orwell’s hatred for imperialism is exemplified when he mentions â€Å"was hated by large numbers of peopleRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of George Orwell s Shooting An Elephant 1272 Words   |  6 PagesRhetorical Analysis of George Orwell’s â€Å"Shooting an Elephant† George Orwell, a journalist and an author of 1903 through 1950, is not only the author of â€Å"Shooting an Elephant,† but surprisingly, he is also the narrator and the main character. Orwell’s narrative essay of 1936 takes place in squalid, British-occupied Moulmein, lower Burma. To begin, in the opening of his piece, Orwell describes himself as a young, British police officer who, ironically, despises the British imperial project in BurmaRead MoreShooting an Elephant938 Words   |  4 PagesGeorge Orwell’s â€Å"Shooting an Elephant† â€Å"Shooting an Elephant† is an essay written by George Orwell and published in 1936 (Orwell 66). Orwell was born June 25, 1903, as Eric Arthur Blair and passed away January 21, 1950, in India (â€Å"George Orwell Biography†). Orwell was known for his journals, novels, and essays published about his own political views (â€Å"George Orwell Biography†). Orwell traveled to Burma after not doing good enough in school to earn a scholarship and decided to join the imperialRead MoreAnalysis Of Shooting An Elephant By George Orwell988 Words   |  4 Pagescommonly known as George Orwell, is the author of many compositions. Blair, the author of two of the most famous novels of the 1920s; Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four, was born in Eastern Indian. He joined the Indian Imperial Police in Burma but resigned in 1927 to become a writer (BBC). Orwell’s style of writing can be described as bold and vivid. He puts the truth in his writing. Orwell’s novel, â€Å"Shooting an Elephant,† was published in 1936. In the novel, a colonial policeman in British Burma is calledRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Shooting An Elephant1165 Words   |  5 PagesIn George Orwell’s story ‘Shooting an Elephant’, insight is given into the life of an oppressor in the British Empire. Orwell, having undergone a significant personal experience, illustrates his experience of imperialism and the resounding effects is has on the ethical conduct and ideals of man, not only of the oppressed but also in regards of the oppressor. Orwell’s ‘Shooting an Elephant’ attempts to convey the sacrifice of one’s morality in service of imperialism. Through the spread of the BritishRead MoreEssay on Imperialism: Shooting an Elephant635 Words   |  3 PagesIn George Orwells â€Å"Shooting an Elephant,† deals with the evil side of imperialism. The shooting of the elephant in Orwells story is the c entral focus from which Orwell builds his argument through the two dominant characters, the elephant and the British officer. The British officer, acts as a symbol of the imperial country and the elephant is the victim of imperialism. Together, the solider and the elephant turns this into an attack on the evils of imperialism. The shooting of the elephant showsRead MoreLiterary Analysis of â€Å"Shooting an Elephant,† by George Orwell1152 Words   |  5 PagesIn â€Å"Shooting an Elephant,† George Orwell achieves two achievements : he shows us his personal experience and his expression while he was in Burma; he use the metaphor of the elephant to explain to describe what Burma looked like when it was under the British Imperialism. The special about this essay is that Orwell tells us a story not only to see the experience that he had in Burma; he also perfectly uses the metaphor of the elephant to give us deep information about the Imperialism. By going throughRead M oreGeorge Orwells Essay Showing Regret for Shooting an Elephant880 Words   |  4 Pagesrepresentation of George Orwell’s perception of British imperialism around the world. It is a firsthand account of how imperialism affects both rulers and the oppressed using a short story. The author shows how imperialism is a prison to not only the Burmese, but also the British. The message can clearly be seen though Orwell’s regret in being forced to kill an elephant. The purpose of this essay is to explain Orwell’s true message of anti-imperialism using the nature of tyranny and the British Empire as

Reconstruction After Civil War Essay Example For Students

Reconstruction After Civil War Essay Reconstruction (1865-1877) 2 main issues: Reconstruction failed to alter the Souths social structure or its distribution of wealth and power which disadvantaged African-Americans. Reconstruction left significant legacies, including the 14th and 15th amendments which would be used 100 years later to protect minority rights. 3 different kinds/plans: Executive Legislative Judicial Executive Reconstruction Lincoln 1863 Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (10% Plan) 10% of voters in 1860 election had to take oath of allegiance to Union and accept emancipation Radical Republicans wanted slower readmission process Wade-Davis Bill (1864) 1/2 of eligible voters had to take oath of allegiance 13th Amendment Andrew Johnson (Lincolns VP) rolled back many gains Black Codes racial segregation in public places prohibition of interracial marriages prohibition of jury service by blacks blacks couldnt testify against whites blacks w/o lawful employment arrested as vagrants and auctioned off to employers who paid their fines Congressional Reconstruction Republican goal of maintaining power; saw prospect of using southern black vote Joint Committee on Reconstruction (Dec 1865) 14th Amendment Reconstruction Act of 1867 15th Amendment Civil Rights Act of 1875 Judicial Reconstruction Ex parte Milligan (1866) Texas v. White (1869) U.S. v. Reese (1876) U.S. v. Cruikshank (1876) Legacies of Reconstruction Success or failure? A misguided scheme that collapsed because of radical excess, or A democratic experiment that did not go far enough? Lack of land and reforms which would give African-Americans power to defend their interests as free citizens Reconstruction left significant legacies, including the 14th and 15th amendments which remain as symbols of the democratic idealism that swept Congress in the 1860s .

Portrayal Of Women In Hip Hop Songs English Literature Essay free essay sample

Disrespecting and Violent Attitude toward Women. It has been around three decennaries since hip hop emerged on the American cultural scene. The music genres which are associated with hip hop cultural phenomenon, particularly gangsta blame and R A ; B are believed to specify street youth civilization. These two hip hop music subgenres seem to be more influential than the other as there is more accent put on lyrical content than the music itself. The copiousness of expressed words and messages in the vocals makes them besides controversial. Before listening to gangsta rap vocals, one must be prepared most of all to hear highly expressed linguistic communication. The great figure of derogatory footings embedded in the vocal wordss is particularly upseting as they are greatly addressed to adult females adult females of coloring material in peculiar. Most of the instances involve name naming and violent attitude directed more likely at adult females in general than a peculiar individu al. Womans in those vocals are largely placed in a sexual context and called e.g. , bitch, prostitute, hoochie, slattern. Promoting violent sex subject was good documented in the Kubrin and Weizer s research on the sample of 403 Amercian hip hop vocals produced throughout the 1992-2000 but besides noted in other articles/books etc. on the vocals from the period 1987 1993.[ 1 ]The bookmans have found that the chief intent of such vocals is to warrant force against adult females and do it a legitimate tool of societal control.[ 2 ]In such a position hip hop music promotes a set of gendered norms and enforces countenances for those who do non stay those set up regulations. Eminem s vocal Kill You,[ 3 ]for illustration, describes adult females as vile, deadly, volatile bitches . Many other popular rappers, like Redman, Outcast, degrade adult females to being a chickenhead coined by association with giving unwritten sex. Whilst such footings are normally perceived as dyslogistic, there are cases they may sound slightly positive. One of the most successful rappers, Ludacris, in his hit vocal Pimpin All Over the World blame: I used to believe that it was manner excessively cold, til I went to Canada and saw some beautiful hoesaˆÂ ¦ [ 4 ]And harmonizing to Ja Rule every hood needs a down buttocks bitch [ 5 ], i.e. a miss who is tough, and demonstrates her solidarity with her adult male and the pack they belong to. While these footings may non transport derogative intensions in these vocals, adult females are still positioned here within the sexual position. Interesting to notice is a fact that violative footings aimed towards work forces are normally words with feminine intension ( bitch, cunt ) : I m slick and slippery/ On a high-velocity pursuit all the manner to the triumph. / Yall niggaz is stone cold enigmas. / Too weak, ca nt stand in the ring with me. / Put a cunt back in his topographic point, straightlaced. [ 6 ]It besides seems like to mortify adu lt females goes manus in manus with acquiring regard from the other work forces. Work force are referred to be procurers who can acquire a batch of hoes . ( aˆÂ ¦ ) Legalize pimpin for all the pleyas, puttin all right buttocks bitches in the streets and the goon. [ 7 ]While in most of the vocals degrading adult females motives would look indiscriminately throughout the vocal, there are besides instances in which that would be the chief subject. The best illustration is Too $ hort s Ai nt Nothing Like Pimpin : Ai nt nil like a female parent sleep togethering bitch! / You nasty, one time a month hemorrhage, female parent screw, awful buttocks, female parent sleep togethering bitch! / I hate your female parent sleep togethering buttocks. To warrant their attitude towards adult females, many rappers give many grounds for making so, such as adult females being excessively shallow: We could nt acquire no drama from the ladies. / With seven niggers in a Nav [ Navigator ] is y ou brainsick? / So we all said screw you bitch and kept turn overing. [ 8 ] Sometimes verbal disrespecting turns into violent threatening. Harmonizing to Kubrin and Weizer aggression towards adult females appeared in about 18 per centum of the hip hop vocals analyzed by them.[ 9 ]Extreme ill will towards adult females represent the vocals of Eminem s where he attacks his relations, particularly his female parent and antique married woman in Under the Influence: all bitches is hoes, even my stinkin buttocks ma .[ 10 ]He even threatens to kill them: Bitch Ima kill you! / You do nt wan na screw with me. / Girls leave you ai nt nuttin but a slattern to me. He besides seems to be absolutely cognizant of the fact his wordss cause contention. In the same vocal he admits to that: Oh, now he s ravishing his ain mother/abusing a prostitute, snorting coke/ and we gave him the Rolling Stone screen? ( Eminem, Kill you )[ 11 ] Violence covers a wide spectrum in hip hop. Not merely is it perceived as a legitimate tool of use between work forces but besides serves as an reply for noncompliance of adult females. Such insubordination is interpreted in many ways. Harmonizing to the rapper Dr. Dre: snobby-ass bitches get slapped out of malice .[ 12 ]Another popular performing artist Mase warns his possible sex victims to acquire tested on sexually transmitted diseases beforehand or else: If she make my nuts scabies, I kill that slattern bitch .[ 13 ]Eminem seems to hold issues with adult females in general and promotes force as the lone communicating agencies between work forces and adult females. Assuming and presuming power on adult females in hip hop vocals are frequently represented by descriptions of unsmooth sex: Hit you with the gumshoe, do your kidneys shift/ I m guaranteed to sleep together her boulder clay her nose bleed. [ 14 ]Kubrin and Weizer noted four repeating cases of force in the American gangsta blame vocals. Rappers pride themselves on sex Acts of the Apostless that are harmful to adult females. They justify other Acts of the Apostless of force and threaten adult females who try to withstand male domination. They besides seem to promote other work forces to fall back to violence Acts of the Apostless whenever they find it suited. Violence seems to be the most appropriate response to adult females who abuse such gendered protocol, i.e. do nt cognize their topographic point . Womans as Sexual Objects The impression of sexual objectification means that a individual is perceived through the prism of physical attraction with neglect to the individual s rational abilities.[ 15 ]Kubrin and Weizer, in their paper on the misogynism in blame music stated that sexual objectification of adult females was noted in 67 per centum of the vocals analyzed.[ 16 ]The chief decision drawn from these wordss is that adult females are merely good to fulfill work forces s sexual pleasances. The rubric of one of the N.W.A vocals, Findum, Fuckum, and Flee. may function as credo of the street codification, harmonizing to which work forces s end would be chase of pleasance and sexual development of adult females.[ 17 ]Puff Daddy s purposes are brazenly blazing in: Name me Sean if you suck, name me gone when I nut. / That s the terminal of us, acquire your friend to sleep together [ 18 ]. While his fellow rapper, Too $ hort, candidly admits the lone thing he would seek to acquire from adult females is se x without strings attached: I ai nt Romeo, Prince Charming, or a knight in reflecting armor./ I m merely out to sleep together a bitch, fuck tryin to capture her. I treat a all right buttocks bitch like dirt./ No money in her bag, a screw is all it s worth./ Cause Short Dawg ll neer provide to you hoes./ And if you ai nt fuckin, I say subsequently to you hoes. [ 19 ] A pretty distressing fact surfaced in this Xzibit s vocal. Judgment by the wordss, adult females are considered to be work forces s belongings: You got breasts and ass./ But I got a gumshoe and some cash./You ai nt talkin turn shit./ Then Ima knock, bitch./ On three, on me, bitch, you my belongings. [ 20 ]This brings back to life one of the atrociousnesss of bondage, when black adult females were frequently forced to maintain exploitative sexual dealingss with their slave Masterss in exchange for better intervention, nutrient, or merely to fulfill the oppressors impulse.[ 21 ]It seems that even though the American society has come a long manner from the times of bondage, black adult females are nowhere near to being treated as free, independent persons. As the American civilization critic bell hooks points in her book Ai nt I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism, that black adult females in America have been oppressed from the 17th century boulder clay today by white work forces, blac k work forces every bit good as white adult females. She argues that adult females of coloring materials have been omitted by the white feminist motion every bit good as the civil rights motion. The writer perceives feminist motion as being a white center and upper category battle which showed no involvement in issues of adult females of coloring material. Black adult females found themselves trapped into confines both gender and race. Therefore, they have neer been liberated from the institutionalised sexism patriarchate, and racism. Additionally, in bell maulerss sentiment the Black Power motion was both patriarchal, misogynous. Equally much as it aimed to get the better of racial divisions it besides sought to reenforce the male chauvinist 1s.[ 22 ]Black male attitude towards their female opposite numbers presented in figure of hip hop vocals manifests their chase to maintain adult females subordinate. Nowadays many rappers frequently express how they would set adult females in the right topographic point, as Too $ hort: Hoes be nothin but slaves for me, / ready to travel to their Gravess for me. ( Too $ hort, Pimp Me )[ 23 ], or Xzibit: ( aˆÂ ¦ ) I m difficult on my hoes that s how it goes./ Bitch, acquire up off your toes, and acquire my six-four [ Chevrolet ] ( Xibit, Pussy Pop ) .[ 24 ] Daniel Patrick Moynihan, an American politician and sociologist, in his study The Negro Family: The Case for National Action, besides known as Moynihan Report, released in 1965 analyzed the information from the U.S. section of labour and drew a decision that black adult females had important advantages over the black work forces to be employed therefore they could supply for the household more efficaciously. He besides suggested that the traditional African American family is ruled by the matriarchal and castrating adult females, an archetypal Mammy, which would connote that black work forces were symbolically castrated by their female opposite numbers. In order to halt debasement of the Negro household, black work forces need to seek the ways to reconstruct their manhood.[ 25 ]The wordss of modern-day hip hop vocals suggest that by degrading adult females, rappers may seek to recover their manhood. They suggest that the lone desirable image of a black adult female is the promiscuous and highly-sexed one as in Redman s: I turn an independent adult female back into a hoochie.[ 26 ]Ill-famed B.I.G. humiliates educated misss: I like em educated, so I can break off on their spectacless .[ 27 ]These stereotyped images have their roots in the times of bondage in America. Southern white males would see black work forces and particularly adult females as possessed by their hypersexuality. The ground for such guess might be cultural differences between Western Europe and Africa of the clip. European travellers who visited Africa were frequently stunned to see semi bare native black adult females and normally accepted polygamy. Nakedness in that clip was perceived as a manifestation of indecency. The travellers embraced such a flooring experience by presuming that all black adult females are promiscuous by nature. They contrast between the clad Victorian ladies and bare native African adult females may hold prompted premises that white adult females, on the contrary t o black adult females, are civilized and sexually pure. Hence the symbol of black adult females reinforced by such word picture was Jezebel .[ 28 ]It seems that African American adult females could non get away from the image of an instinctively promiscuous Jezebel assigned to them back in the bondage epoch. Stereotypes that were set at that clip still affect black adult females today. What is more, the stereotype of a seductive and obscene black adult female has been perpetuated by their male opposite numbers. As the Jezebel image applied to black slave adult females might hold been a manner to warrant ill-treatment they were given, such logical thinking applies besides today.[ 29 ]Another justification for disrespecting adult females may be a ferocious equal force per unit area on immature work forces in ghettos. Male promiscuousness is extremely valued at that place.[ 30 ]Casual sex with no committedness gets a adult male proud spot of a participant, proves of his maleness and helps to acquire regard from the others: I had niggas doing stakes like, did he sleep together her yet? / Ask her did he touch her bandeau, when I say nah they say ahh / So tomorrow I use that force per unit area to discase her. [ 31 ]The Kubrin s research shows that boasting about sexual accomplishments was present in 58 per centum of the vocals.[ 32 ]Most of it implied how easy for a participant is to speak a miss into holding sex: You see I order one bottle, so I fuck with one model/ Then I order more bottles, now I/ got more models/ I m from that metropolis where them niggaz do nt play mayn/ I take a biddy to my/ room like caveman/ So inquire your girlfriend my name ( aˆÂ ¦ ) .[ 33 ] Womans are besides treated as a symbol of accomplishment. Having a batch of insouciant sex proves that you are either a participant or have a batch of money. As these seem to be the lone agencies of acquiring a miss into sexual intercourse in the ghetto: Say Canis familiaris, what kinda nigga be on top of the universe? /Million dollar position got me on top of ya miss. [ 34 ]Ability to sexually delight a miss is perceived as a symbol of your high position. Below there is an illustration of how the rappers fondle their self-importance in that affair: While your bitch be shouting delight do nt halt . . . I fuck her like I know you wont./ If that s your bitch, homeboy you d break maintain her Cause she wo nt remain off my pager. [ 35 ]The female is used here merely to partake in a sexual competition between work forces. Womans can non be granted any regard from the rappers, as they are described to be every bit much interested in heavy imbibing, sex, and money as work forces. The lo ne difference here is that a adult male will be positively referred to as a participant or a procurer but a miss will be ever called a bitch . Lyrics imply that if a miss is being promiscuous and greedy it besides justifies the ill-treatment she receives from work forces as in hit vocal The Gangsta, the Killa, and the Dope Dealer: All on the grass [ marijuana ] , every bitch passed [ out ] / A foremost non last, when we all hit the buttocks. [ 36 ]Womans are treated as a trade good which can be consumed, used, passed to person else and given out: I know the cunt s mines, Ima fuck a twosome more times/ And so I m through with it, there s nil else to make with it./ Pass it to the homie, now you hit it/ Cause she ai nt nuthin but a bitch to me. [ 37 ] Prostitutes are the authoritative illustration of sexual objectification and development. Such image of a adult female is to be expected in hip hop music since it has emerged out of ghetto scene. This subject has been found present in fifth part of the vocals analyzed by Kubrin and Weizer.[ 38 ]Prostitution and pimping are celebrated by rappers and classified as a justifiable agency of economic accomplishment.[ 39 ]These subjects do non look to be taken into consideration by any other music genre. Some rappers to acquire more credibleness claim to hold been a existent life procurers ( Ice- T, Snoop Dogg, Jay-Z, K-Luv ) . Pandering has a broader significance in hip hop than merely pull offing cocottes. To pander something can intend to patronize it or to accessorize it. The term procurer is frequently used as a replacement for participant, a adult male who mastered in scoring adult females or streetwalkers who show off with their nouveau riche assets[ 40 ]. This sort of a procurer smart imagination is a popular subject among rappers. Some even devote the whole vocals to romanticize such life styles: The fancy autos, the adult females and the caviar. /You know who we are/cuz we re pimpin all over the universe. [ 41 ]There is besides a figure of rap vocals in which we can happen a batch of mentions to the standard definition of a procurer adult male who headhunts and employs cocottes. Kubrin s research takes into history this standard definition and notes that this subject was detected in 20 per centum of the misogynous vocals.[ 42 ]Most of them contain the same message that adult females are good merely to sell sex and work forces can assume the right to entree to their organic structures: No demand for remainder haven these hoes Let s demo em what they pussy made field-grade officer Let s me and you lay in these hoes And demo em what they pussy made foaˆÂ ¦ . Let s go forth without payin these hoes And demo em what they pussy made field-grade officer .[ 43 ] Such images are present even in RNB which is supposed to be focused more on the beat and music than less abundant in expressed lyrical content: Ace mizzy acquire all the hoes. / Gon na learn them shit they want to cognize. / Like screw that purulent buttocks 9-4 girl./ Make that pail a pot of gold .[ 44 ]These wordss convey highly upseting misogynous messages particularly that hip hop aspires to be considered as a true voice of the urban ghetto. In that instance, judgment by the wordss, the ghetto seems to populate procurers, procurers in preparation and cocottes. While adult females are being described as sexual objects, work forces get the message to care for the life of a procurer. Women seem to be painted with the same coppice and non considered as an single human existences. The lone interaction between these two parties boils down to a scenario of what a procurer would make to a cocotte. Womans Not to Be Trusted Another piece of advice, repeating in many hip hop vocals, is the 1 that a adult male has to be careful of whom they put trust in. And adult females seem to be the least trusty. Harmonizing to Kubrin and Weizer about half of the misogynous vocals exposed such attitude of distrust towards adult females.[ 45 ]Another fact worth detecting here is that the deficiency of trust is directed at all adult females with no exclusion. All adult females in general are considered slippery evil animals. For some rappers a inquiry How could you swear a Ho? [ 46 ]is instead a rhetorical one. Others unveil specific grounds why they ca nt trustem . In a vocal byaˆÂ ¦ a immature miss is non merely promiscuous but besides will certainly lie to you about her age which will acquire you in problem and most likely put you in prison: See nowadays adult male you got to cognize these bitches age/ Cause they ass be existent fast when they be goin through that stage. / You fuck a miss that s immature, a nd you gon na stop up in the coop. [ 47 ]Women solidarity is criticized. There will be no point in supporting yourself as the female parent will be on her small miss s side: Cause her ma ai nt tryin to hear that you neer knew her age. [ 48 ]Not merely do adult females stand up for one another but will besides seek to acquire some material compensation from you. Some rappers, like Nas, warn that it is a bad thought to coerce adult females into holding sex, non because of the atrociousness of this act, but colza accusal that may follow: Do nt take the cunt, if she fightin/ Cause you saw what happened to Tupac and Mike Tyson./ Specially if you big [ celebrated ] , some hoes is trife [ petit larceny ] / Get you on a colza charge, have you servin your life. [ 49 ]Despite being convicted of colza, a legendary pugilist Mike Tyson and rapper Tupac Shakur, were considered as the most famed heroes of the hip hop coevals in 1990s. This fact good illustrates the gender struggle of that coev als. During and after the test, many black male church leaders defended Tyson claiming that the whole procedure was an effort of the white supremacist to destruct a well-known black adult male. The president of the National Baptist convention in USA was suspected for offering a payoff to the Tyson s plaintiff. For a significant back male portion of the society the issue was non about gender but about racism.[ 50 ]This illustration proves of an utmost solidarity within African American male society. Countless hip hop wordss strongly reinforce the thought of confederacy theory that is purportedly drawn by the evil system and adult females. Tyson was accused and sentenced for a day of the month colza on 18- year-old Miss Black Road Island. Tupac Shakur heard the same charges from his groupie whom he forced to hold a group sexual intercourse with. These two events may hold influenced a figure of hip hop creative persons who thirstily express a batch of misgiving in beautiful adult femal es. Such attitude against beautiful adult females permeates throughout many hip hop vocals. It seems to be more than certain these ladies will seek to lead on you with their expressions and take advantage of you in no clip. They are considered by the rappers to be steerers for set up. There are figure of vocals which describe such process: You know they [ adult females ] might be the one to put me up. / Wan na acquire they little brother to wet [ kill ] me upaˆÂ ¦/ Bitches be schemin , I kid ya non. / That s why I keep my Windowss locked and my Glock cocked. [ 51 ] Another manner for adult females to put work forces up is to acquire pregnant. This seems to be non merely the concern of the rappers, but besides a common bias among the male in ghetto vicinities. Anderson states that to claim a kid is against the street codification of hit and run [ 52 ]. The rappers warn their male audience: Why works seeds in a soiled bitch, waitin to flim-flam me? / Not the life for me. [ 53 ]Owning up to gestation means non merely rear of barrel of the codification but besides committedness which is condemned by the equals. But the greatest concern of work forces would be paying child support: I ai nt lettin nothin leak cause if things leak, so I m a get caught/ And I ca nt acquire caught cause you know how they do it about that kid support./ Shit, bitches is cold on a nigger who ai nt got his game tight/ Geting 18.5 per centum [ child support payments ] half your life. [ 54 ]By and large talking, aggregation of child support is a job in the times of cris is, particularly for unqualified Afro-american workers. A tough pick has to be made, whether to provide for your ain demands or your kid s. As the money for the kids upbringing goes to their female parents pockets, the male defeat and bitterness towards adult females grows. Bing broke does non fit the image of the self-proclaimed procurer or a participant. No more participant, no Shorty the Pimp I get paid, deviate a cheque and acquire 40 per centum. All the homies talkin bad, hair down, walkin sad Got the wide livin with me, baby sayin Dad! aˆÂ ¦ I could seek to mack once more but the bitches wo nt desire me Cause I m all washed up, broke, fat, and funky. I lost everything that I worked to be Never thought I d be a fast one, payin hoes to function me. [ 55 ] The wordss make it obvious that adult females can non be trusted because they are a jeopardy to work forces procurers . If they do non acquire you in prison or ridicule you in forepart of your equals and impede your image of a hood, they well certainly run out your pocket. And this is what rappers seem to be the most dying about. Geting rich ( aˆÂ ¦or dice seeking by 50Cent )[ 56 ]seems to be the largely frequent motivation of all. And the streets seem to be filled with gold diggers on the prowl merely interested in you because of your money: Watch the honeys look into your style/ Worthless, when they worship, what you purchase./They merely see ice [ diamonds ] , non me, under the surface/What s the intent? [ 57 ] Gold Digger by Kanye West may function as the best illustration of a vocal that describes a seductive, yet avaricious adult female who takes advantage of work forces.[ 58 ]This type of a adult female is largely feared by those work forces who climbed up the so cietal ladder, became business communities, or famous persons and like to demo off their late acquired wealth. They ( who? ) are considered to be the easiest marks as they feel no bounds for distributing money and self-praise about their richness. She ( who is she? ) is described as a really slippery cutie the bomb . Once she has set her sight on her super rich male mark, the first thing she will seek to make is capture him by her gorgeous expressions, and seduce him. She will seek to intermix in his elect circle to acquire to him. In no clip she will do him pass money on her and her friends and he will make it merely to affect her. And if you expect to acquire a opportunity with her you would break comply with the regulations of her game. Her chief end is to procure her life with her quarry s money. If she fails to drag his pess down the aisle, she will acquire pregnant merely to acquire procure her life with his money anyhow. Oftentimes it happens that after 18 old ages of payin g the kid support the babe turns out to be non his. Whilst work forces in hip hop vocals do non see anything incorrect in taking advantage of adult females, they seem to fear of acquiring such favour returned by them. Their concern is besides non to acquire ridiculed in forepart of other work forces. If that happens, Kanye West gives them a self explanatory reply back: she ai nt messin humor no broke niggaz. [ 59 ]There is besides a message to black adult females in general in the last stanza of this vocal. No affair if you are a gilded digger or you are being a down to earth misss and stick to your adult male regardless of his stuff position, there is a bad stoping for you anyhow. If he is ambitious plenty, he will acquire rich Oklahoman or subsequently. However when it happens, he will: go forth your buttocks for a white miss . This suggests that white adult females are ranked higher than black adult females in the hip hop societal hierarchy. Harmonizing to the findings of t he survey on the he consequence of images of African American adult females in hop hop on striplings sleek hair texture and lighter tegument tone would be considered as the chief determiners of female attraction[ 60 ]. These traits would be most sought for by both male and female who participated in the study. Besides historically these characteristics were used as steps of societal, political and economic significance for African Americans. Those who resembled European Americans would be located higher in the American societal strata.[ 61 ]Such guess may hold influenced the chase of white adult females by black work forces. The image of a strong, castrating black adult female versus a pure and submissive Victorian lady perpetuated throughout the old ages may be besides considered as an account for black work forces captivation with white adult females. Yet still, ( all, or black, or white merely? ) adult females are considered as an object, or an accoutrement to get wealth or as ag encies of mounting the societal position ladder. Decision The reappraisal on hip hop wordss, blame produced by male creative persons in peculiar, has revealed a batch of upseting messages particularly about black adult females and their position in the urban society. A great figure of wordss purposes to increase male domination over adult females. Womans are portrayed as being merely sexual objects in the work forces s universe. It is the universe where a particular codification of behavior has been drawn by the male procurers who set normative regulations that turn adult females into obedient cocottes. They aim to make a system in which adult females are low-level to work forces in a figure of ways. Some bookmans / observers explain being of such messages in blame music as a reaction to the feminist motion. They argue that blame music aims to distribute the word among the male portion of the urban society in order to perpetuate adult females s inequality and convey back power to work forces.[ 62 ]Kubrin and Weizer in their survey do non cl aim that the misogynism portrays hip hop music in general. Not all of the vocals shame adult females, but the objectification, strength of abuses and prolongation of force towards adult females stand out to the extreme. There are excessively few positive images that could equilibrate the negative out and cast more flattering visible radiation on adult females. Such positive images in hip hop vocals frequently refer to female visual aspect or gender instead than inner beauty or rational accomplishments. Ne-Yo sings that he dreams about a Miss Independent, yet her independency remainders on the thought that: she acts like a boss/ made for a boss/ ( aˆÂ ¦ ) her measures are paid on clip. [ 63 ]Another rapper s demands for his dream miss are instead sexual: I need a lady in the streets the monster in the sheets. [ 64 ]On the whole, affirmatory images are barely present? here, as the contention and sex seem to sell better. All the misogynous vocals analyzed have made it to the Bil lboard list or are included in the albums which attained Pt position. This means that production of such vocals is non merely accepted by the music industry but besides the great figure of consumers who listen to it and purchase albums. If hip hop aspires to be the voice of the urban communities, it means that the tendency towards ill-treatment and objectification of adult females have become a really distressing fact.